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Notes: Summary It has been observed that obese children receive genetic and environmental effects that are associated with them being overweight. With regard to the latter, lifestyles such as eating habits and physical activity have been focused on. In the present study, the social characteristics which would dominate their lifestyles were investigated as background variables. For this purpose, 9668 Japanese children aged three years who were all born in Toyama prefecture, Japan, in 1998, served as birth cohort subjects. For the comparison between obese (Kaup index; mass in kg/(height in m)2〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:03051862:CCH127:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉18) and nonobese (Kaup index 18) children, irregular snack intake, physical inactivity and reduced sleeping hours were chosen as statistically significant obesity-related lifestyle indicators for the children. For social characteristics, family construction (expanded family with grandparents/nonexpanded family), main caregiver (mother/other), attending a nursery school (yes/no) and mother’s employment (full-time worker/other) were chosen. These were significantly associated with the obesity-related lifestyles mentioned above using multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for other variables of social characteristics as well as for gender and birth month (July–December/January–June). The two greatest population-attributable risk percentages were observed for mother as main caregiver (−36.5%) and attending a nursery school (−28.9%) for irregular snack intake. Therefore, these two social characteristics substantially reduced the number of children with irregular snack intake. On the other hand, the two social characteristics were reversed in children with reduced sleeping hours (population-attributable risk percentage of mother as main caregiver: 15.4%; attending a nursery school: 17%). In contrast with favourable effects on snack intake these social characteristics showed an adverse influence on the sleeping habits of children.

Notes: We report a patient with secondary systemic amyloidosis complicating arthropathic psoriasis, At autopsy amyloidosis was observed in the spleen, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, lung, heart, pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid and gall-bladder in addition to the skin by historical, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. The amyloid deposits in these organs were of amyloid A protein type.

Notes: The possibility of ultrahigh-density recording higher than 10 Gb/in.2 with perpendicular magnetic recording is investigated by computer simulation for a ring-type head and single-layer medium combination. A nucleation model is used as a media model because it incorporates a nucleation site, which causes irreversible magnetization switching. Fundamental read–write characteristics are found to be entirely different from those of longitudinal recording. Recorded magnetization strongly depends on head field strength; the maximum magnetization appears around the head field strength of media coercivity, and beyond this the recorded magnetization decreases abruptly. Spacing loss in the recording process also depends on head field strength and recording density. However, saturation recording can be attained even at an ultrahigh recording density of 600 kFCI with a spacing of 30 nm. Also, a higher signal-to-noise ratio than in longitudinal recording can be obtained by introducing weak intergrain exchange interaction with a relatively large grain size in the media film. This suggests that perpendicular magnetic recording is stable in thermal fluctuation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Simulations of hexagonal magnetic particles with uniform exchange energy and random c-axis in-plane orientation do not reproduce real media magnetic properties. Simulation software was thus modified to model four experimentally observed Co-alloy microstructures, to distinguish the effects of grain size, cluster size, exchange decoupling, and cluster substructure; and to more accurately model real media behavior. Results include: (1) Clusters of isolated uniaxial particles act like single grains having the cluster size. Exchange decoupling on a size scale smaller than the crystallographic grain size has little effect upon hysteresis loops or media noise. (2) The magnetic properties of clustered bicrystal and randomly oriented media depend on the exchange interactions within and between clusters of grains. Media hysteresis loops and recorded tracks are well simulated using exchange energies within randomly oriented or bicrystal grain clusters up to ten times larger than those used in the standard model. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Based on the magnetostrictive effect in steel, a robust, noncontacting shaft torque sensor can be obtained. A fundamental problem in this scheme is compatibility between mechanical strength required for a shaft and a magnetic one needed for a torque sensor. In order to find shaft material accommodating these two requirements, we investigated basic characteristics, such as hysteresis, linearity, and zero-level fluctuation associated with shaft rotation, of the magnetostrictive torque sensor for various nickel chromium molybdenum steel shafts (SNCM in Japanese Industrial Standard) subjected to case hardening. We prepared three kinds of shafts of 25 mm in diameter: SNCM 420 (Ni=1.69%, C=0.2%), SNCM 616 (Ni=2.91%, C=0.15%), and SNCM 447 (Ni=1.67%, C=0.49%). Shafts of the first two materials were carburized, whereas those of the last one were quenched. We used a magnetic head-type torque sensor consisting of a pair of cross-coupled figure-eight coils (14 turn), which has been already proposed by us.1 The hysteresis in the input–output relationship was measured for the excitation current from 0.1 to 1.0 A at the excitation frequency of 60 kHz. The hysteresis of the SNCM 420 shaft changes sign from negative to positive with the increase in excitation current and that of the SNCM 616 shaft decreases monotonically but never reaches zero, whereas that of the SNCM 447 shaft exhibits minimum. The smallest values obtained are nearly zero for the SNCM 420 shaft at 0.3 A, 1.5%/(full scale (FS)=400 Nm) for the SNCM 616 shaft at 1.0 A and 0.7%/FS for the SNCM 447 shaft at 0.8 A, respectively. The linearity measured for the SNCM 420 shaft, which has the smallest hysteresis of the three, at 0.3 A and 60 kHz was virtually straight for the applied torque range −400–400 Nm and 0.8% of nonlinearity error for the range −1000–1000 Nm. The zero-level fluctuation was measured for the SNCM 420 shaft by rotating the shaft without applying torque. The level of the fluctuation was as small as ±1.8%/FS (FS=1000 Nm). It is interesting to consider the effect of carburization on the performance of the shaft seen from the torque sensor. The sensitivity of the as-ground SNCM 420 shaft is approximately ten times larger than that of carburized shafts, however, the input–output relationship measured for the as-ground shaft was saturated completely at the applied torque of 400 Nm. The zero-level fluctuation for the as-ground shaft was about the same in terms of %/FS as that of carburized shaft. Considering that the reduction of the sensitivity by carburization is a factor of 10, magnetic inhomogeneities at the surface are well improved by the carburizing process. We measured the two-dimensional pattern of magnetic anisotropy distribution by scanning the shaft surface using a 6.5 mm square eddy current probe that is sensitive to magnetic anisotropy.2 We found that the as-ground shaft has a peculiar magnetic anisotropy pattern, which is probably induced during manufacturing steel bars. The pattern was erased by the heat treatment at 920 °C for 4 h, which is a main course of carburization treatment.© 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: The localization of gp130, the signal transducing receptor component used in common for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), LIF and OSM, in the rat brain was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using an antibody specific to gpl30. The gp130 immunoreactivity was observed in both glial and neuronal cells. Two distinct neuronal staining patterns were observed. The first showed neuropil staining, observed mainly in telencephalic structures including the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and caudate-putamen. The second pattern was observed on the cytoplasmic membrane of neuronal somata and was found primarily in the lower brainstem, in the large neurons of the reticular formation, and in spinal and cranial motor neurons. Electron-microscopic analysis revealed that both types of gpl30 immunoreactivity were primarily associated with the cytoplasmic membrane and were not localized exactly at synaptic sites. Further, gpl30 immunoreactivity was also observed in the oligodendrocytes and subependymal zone. These widespread but characteristic patterns of gp130 immunoreactivity overlap well with those of IL-6 receptor and CNTF alpha chains, suggesting a role of cytokines and growth factors such as IL-6 and CNTF via gp130 in certain specific regions of the brain.

Notes: SUMMARY The adhesive bonding of titanium was evaluated with the use of a metal primer and three types of self curing luting agent. The primer contained 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP). One luting agent was a composite material that contained the MDP monomer in its liquid part. The other luting agent was based on methyl methacrylate (MMA), initiated with tri-n-butylborane derivative (TBB), and contained 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META). The MMA-TBB resin without 4-META was used for the control. Pure titanium metal specimens were bonded with various combinations. Shear bond strengths were determined after repeated thermocycles in water. Both MDP and 4-META were effective in bonding titanium. The decrease in bond strength was minimum when the titanium was primed with MDP and then bonded with the TBB-initiated resins.

Notes: This study evaluated the effect of five adhesive primers on the shear bond strength of a self-curing resin to cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloy. The adhesive primers Acryl Bond® (AB, Shofu), Cesead Opaque Primer® (COP, Kuraray), Metacolor Opaque Bonding Liner® (MOBL, Sun-Medical), Metal PrimerII® (MPII, GC) and MR. Bond® (MRB, Tokuyama) were used. A brass ring which was placed over the casting alloy disk surface non-primed or primed with each primer was filled with the self-curing MMA-PMMA resin. The specimens were stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h and then immersed alternately in water baths at 4 °C and 60 °C for 1 min each for up to 50 000 thermal cycles before shear mode testing at a crosshead speed of 0·5 mm/min. All of the primers examined, except MOBL, improved the shear bond strength between the resin and Co-Cr alloy compared with non-primed specimens prior to thermal cycling. Regardless of which primer was used, the shear bond strength significantly differed between thermal cycles 0 and 50 000. However, after 50 000 thermal cycles, the bond strengths of resin to Co-Cr alloy primed with COP or MPII were significantly greater than those of specimens primed with AB, MOBL or MRB and non-primed controls. This study indicated that COP and MPII are effective primers to obtain higher bond strength between resin and Co-Cr alloy.

Notes: The solubility of resin luting cement remains unknown although the use of resin luting cement for routine cementation of restorations has increased. The purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare the solubilities of three resin cements currently in clinical use with three brands of conventional luting agents. The three resin luting cements, All-Bond C&B® (AB, Bisco) Panavia 21® (P21, Kuraray), and Super-Bond C&B® (SB, Sun-Medical), and the three conventional luting agents, Elite Cement 100® (EC, zinc phosphate cement, GC), HY-Bond Carbo-plus Cement® (HCP, polycarboxylate cement, Shofu), and Fuji I® (FI, glass-ionomer cement, GC) were used in this study. A modification of the ADA specification test was adopted to evaluate the solubilities of luting cements. The two types of media (distilled water and pH 4·0 lactic acid solution) in which specimens were stored for 30 days were prepared. The four luting cements, EC, FI, AB, and P21, were more soluble in lactic acid solution than in distilled water. Resin luting cements were markedly less soluble than conventional luting agents when placed in fresh lactic acid solution (0·001 mol/L) at pH 4·0 every 24 h over a 30-day period. The solubility rates of luting cements could be fitted to mathematical expressions which indicated that the solubilities increased linearly or logarithmically with immersion period. Fixed prosthodontic restorations cemented with resin luting cement may be capable of withstanding long-term clinical use compared with conventional luting agents.