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  • 1995-1999  (4)
  • Vestibulospinal neuron  (2)
  • virial coefficient
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of saccular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons in cats (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Saccular nerve ; Vestibulospinal neuron ; Medial vestibulospinal tract ; Lateral vestibulospinal tract ; Vestibular nuclei ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Axonal pathways, projection levels, conduction velocities, and locations of the cell bodies of saccular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons were studied in decerebrated cats and anesthetized cats, using a collision test of orthodromic and antidromic spikes. The saccular nerve was selectively stimulated by bipolar tungsten electrodes. Three monopolar electrodes were inserted into the left and right lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST) and medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) of the C1 segment, to determine the pathway of axons. Three pairs of similar electrodes were positioned bilaterally in the C3–4, T1, and L3 segments to examine projection levels. Another monopolar electrode was placed in the oculomotor nucleus to determine whether saccular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons have branches ascending to the oculomotor nucleus. Of 145 vestibular neurons orthodromically activated by stimulation of the saccular nerve, 46 were activated from the C1 segment antidromically. Forty-three were second-order vestibulospinal neurons and 3 were third-order vestibulospinal neurons. Four saccular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons were also antidromically activated from the oculomotor nucleus. Sixty-three percent of the saccular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons descended through the MVST; one-third of these terminated in the upper cervical segments, one-third reached the lower cervical segments and the remaining one-third reached the upper thoracic segments. Thirty percent of the saccular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons descended through the ipsilateral LVST; most of these reached the upper thoracic segments. Seven percent of the saccular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons descended through the contralateral vestibulospinal tracts terminating in the upper cervical segments. Most of the saccular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons originated in the caudal part of the lateral nucleus and rostral part of the descending nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005766
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of utricular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons in cats (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 112 (1996), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Utricular nerve ; Vestibulospinal neuron ; Lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts ; Vestibular nuclei ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The axonal pathway, conduction velocities, and locations of the cell bodies of utricular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons were studied in decerebrated or anesthetized cats using the collision test of orthodromic and antidromic spikes. For orthodromic stimulation, bipolar tungsten electrodes were placed on the utricular nerve and the other vestibular nerve branches were transected. Monopolar tungsten electrodes were positioned on both sides of the upper cervical segments (C2–4), caudal end of the cervical enlargement (C7-T1), and from the lower thoracic to the upper lumbar segments (T12-L3) and were used for antidromic stimulation of the spinal cord. Another monopolar electrode was also placed in the oculomotor nucleus to study whether utricular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons have ascending branches to the oculomotor nucleus. Of the 173 vestibular neurons orthodromically activated by the stimulation of the utricular nerve, 46 were second-order vestibulospinal neurons and 5 were third-order neurons. The majority of the utricular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons were located in the rostral part of the descending vestibular nucleus and the caudal part of the ventral lateral nucleus. Seventy-three percent of the utricular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons descended through the ipsilateral lateral vestibulospinal tract. Approximately 80% of these neurons reached the cervicothoracic junction, but a few reached the upper lumbar spinal cord. Twenty-seven percent of the utricular nerve-activated vestibulospinal neurons descended through the medial vestibulospinal tract or the contralateral vestibulospinal tracts. Those axons terminated mainly in the upper cervical segments. Almost none of the utricular nerve-activated vestibular neurons had ascending branches to the oculomotor nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227638
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat Capacities and Joule–Thomson Coefficients of HFC Refrigerants (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: ideal gas ; heat capacity ; hydrofluorocarbons ; Joule–Thomson coefficient ; R-32 ; R-125 ; R-134a ; R-143a ; R-152a ; virial coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this report, we have examined the behavior of heat capacities and Joule–Thomson coefficients in low- and moderate-density regions based on recent theoretical studies of the ideal-gas heat capacity and virial coefficients of R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a. The results have been compared with those derived from empirical equations of state which have been recently developed, based on a large quantity of experimental data for these refrigerants. Both results are in good agreement. Proper behaviors for these second-derivative properties justify the use of the empirical equations of state in low-temperature and low-density regions where no experimental data are available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021486432011
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ideal-Gas Heat Capacities and Virial Coefficients of HFC Refrigerants (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 89-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: ideal gas ; heat capacity ; hydrofluorocarbons ; Stockmayer potential ; virial coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermodynamic properties of HFC (hydrofluorocarbon) compounds have been extensively studied with worldwide interest as alternative refrigerants. Both quality and quantity in the experimental data far exceed those for the CFC and HCFC refrigerants. These data now provide a great opportunity to examine the validity of theoretical models, and vice versa. Among them, the ideal-gas heat capacity C p 0 and virial coefficients derived from the experimental data are of particular interest, since they are directly related to the intramolecular and intermolecular potentials through the statistical mechanical procedure. There have been some discrepancies reported in the observed and theoretical C p 0 for HFC compounds. We have performed new calculations of C p 0 for several HFCs. The present results are consistent with the selected experimental values. The second (B) and third (C) virial coefficients have been reported for these HFC refrigerants from speed of sound data and Burnett PVT data. Often, a square well-type intermolecular potential is employed to correlate the data. However, the model potential cannot account consistently for both B and C coefficients with the same potential parameters. We have analyzed the data with the Stockmayer potential and obtained self-consistent results for various HFC (R-23, R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a) compounds with physically reasonable potential parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021499018749
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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