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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 99 (1996), S. 615-615 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 26 (1997), S. 408-421 
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Innovation • Intramedullary nail • Plate • Fixator • Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) ; Schlüsselwörter Innovationen • Marknagel • Platte • Fixateur • Minimal-invasive Plattenosteosynthese (MIPO)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nagel, Platte und Fixateur stellen zusammen mit Schrauben seit Jahrzehnten die wichtigsten Elemente zur Stabilisierung von dia- und metaphysären Frakturen dar. Diese Grundelemente sind auch heute noch präsent, allerdings haben in den letzten Jahren neue und wichtige Entwicklungen stattgefunden, die zusammen mit einem erweiterten Verständnis von Frakturheilung, Biologie, Metallurgie und Mechanik sowie Spezifizierung der Anwendung insgesamt zu verbesserten Möglichkeiten der Patientenversorgung geführt haben. Neben einem aktuellen Überblick zur Diskussion unreamed vs. reamed werden neue Trends, Techniken und Implantate aus Bereich der intramedullären Osteosynthese (retrograde Nagelung, Spiralklinge, FlexNagel Humerus, „distal aiming device“) beschrieben. Darüber hinaus werden neue Nagelzugangstechniken über Stichinzisionen und minimal-invasive perkutane Plattenosteosynthesetechniken (MIPO) für metaphysäre Frakturen am proximalen und distalen Femur sowie der proximalen Tibia beschrieben und dazu notwendige Techniken der Achsenkontrolle aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Summary Nail, plate and external fixator are since decades the most frequently and stabilizers for the surgical treatment of dia- and metaphyseal fractures. These elements are still present today. However, there were important changes in recent years. Together with better knowledge and understanding of fracture healing, fracture biology, implant metallurgy and mechanics and a more and more specified application of these techniques, this resulted in improved possibilities for the treatment of injured patients. Beside an overview about the current discussion of unreamed and reamed nail insertion new trends, techniques and nails are presented for the different long bones (retrograd nails, spiral blade, flex-nail humerus and a distal aiming device (DAD) for interlocking screws). In addition, new approach techniques for nailing (stab incision) and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for metaphyseal fractures of the proximal and distal femur and proximal tibia are described including the necessary techniques for control of axes and rotation.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Interlocking nail • Femur • Distal interlocking • Distal aiming device • Free-hand-technique • Radiolucent drill ; Schlüsselwörter Verriegelungsnagel • Femur • Distale Verriegelung • Röntgenunabhängiges distales Zielgerät • Freihandtechnik • Strahlentransparentes Winkelgetriebe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit kurzem stehen röntgendurchleuchtungsunabhängige, mechanische Zielsysteme für die distale Verriegelung von torsionssteifen, ungeschlitzten Femurmarknägeln zur Verfügung, die die insertionsbedingte Nageldeformation kompensieren. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Vor- und Nachteile dieser Systeme sind bisher noch nicht durchgeführt worden. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte Operationsdauer, Länge der Durchleuchtungszeit und Präzision der Schraubenplazierung mit einem strahlenunabhängigen, mechanischen Zielsystem und einer Freihandtechnik (strahlentransparentes Winkelgetriebe). Von einem lediglich mit der Freihandtechnik erfahrenen Chirurgen wurden am intakten Femur an humanen Ganzkörperpräparaten im Rechts-links-Vergleich Femurmarknagelungen mit einem unaufgebohrten Nagelsystem (UFN) in statischer Verriegelung durchgeführt. Für das distale Zielgerät bzw. Freihandtechnik betrug die Gesamtoperationszeit 19,1 ± 8,4 vs. 20,9 ± 11,3 min (p = 0,9), die distale Verriegelungszeit 6,6 ± 2,4 vs. 4,8 ± 1,5 min (p = 0,002), die gesamte Durchleuchtungszeit 23 ± 17 vs. 69 ± 34 s (p 〈 0,0001), und die Durchleuchtungszeit für die distale Verriegelung 0 vs. 37 ± 15,5 s (p 〈 0,0001). Bohrer-Nagel-Kontakt (p 〈 0,0001) und Destruktion der distalen Verriegelungsbolzen (p = 0,02) waren ausgeprägter in der Freihandtechnikgruppe. In keiner der beiden Gruppen kam es zum Zielversagen oder schweren zielsystembedingten Komplikationen. Die Studie zeigt, daß die distalen Verriegelungsschrauben des ungeschlitzten UFN sowohl mit dem röntgenstrahlenfreien, distalen Zielgerät als auch mit der traditionellen Freihandtechnik sicher und erfolgreich eingebracht werden können. Der Hauptvorteil des röntgenstrahlenfreien, mechanischen distalen Zielgeräts ist die Vermeidung von Röntgenstrahlen während der distalen Verriegelung und die präzisere Schraubenplazierung mit geringerer insertionsbedingter Implantatbeschädigung.
    Notes: Summary Although the free-hand technique remains the most popular method for distal interlocking screw insertion, proximally mounted “radiation-independent” devices which compensate for implant deformation recently have been developed for rotationally stiff, unslotted femoral nails. However, the benefits of such systems have not been determined. This study prospectively compared the duration of the nailing procedure, the length of radiation time, and the accuracy of interlocking screw placement with a radiation-independent distal aiming system to those using the free-hand technique. In twenty paired intact cadaveric femora, a single surgeon experienced only in the free-hand technique performed statically locked intramedullary nailing using the two methods. For the aiming system and free-hand technique respectively, the total operation time was 19.1 ± 8.4 versus 20.9 ± 11.3 minutes (p = 0.9), the distal locking time was 6.6 ± 2.4 versus 4.8 ± 1.5 minutes (p = 0.002), the total fluoroscopy time was 23 ± 17 versus 69 ± 34 seconds (p 〈 0.0001), and the distal locking fluoroscopy time was 0 versus 37 ± 15.5 seconds (p 〈 0.0001). There were no failures in either group. Drill nail contact (p 〈 0.0001) and distal screw damage (p = 0.02) were both greater with the free-hand technique.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 99 (1996), S. 815-815 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although the free-hand technique remains the most popular method for distal interlocking screw insertion, a proximally mounted “radiation-independent” device which compensates for implant deformation has been developed. In 15 intact human cadaveric femora the same surgeon performed statically locked intramedullary nailing using the distal aiming system. Operation time, distal screw insertion, total radiation time and accuracy of the interlocking screw placement were measured using a radiation-independent distal aiming system. The average total operation time was 21.2 ± 8.6 min, and the average distal locking time (2 screws) was 7.1 ± 2.4 min. The total operation time and the distal locking time declined over the first 10 cases. These times did not significantly improve in the subsequent 5 procedures. The average total fluoroscopy time was 28.1 ± 16.6 s. None of the screw placements using the distal aiming device required the use of fluoroscopy. Drill-nail contact was absent in 5 drillings, mild in 9 drillings, moderate in 16 drillings, and severe in none. Measurement of screw damage showed in 55 of 60 measurements wear of less than 15 μm. There were no failures or major complications. A minor complication related to distal locking was observed in one specimen. This study suggests that distal interlocking screws can be placed successfully using a radiation-independent aiming arm-based system, which accounts for nail deformations. The distal aiming device (DAD) can be learned easily. The main advantages of the aiming arm include the elimination of radiation during distal interlocking and precise screw placement with little insertion-related hardware damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 117 (1998), S. 438-441 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A cadaveric arterial injection study was performed to study the effects of percutaneous and conventional surgical plating techniques on femoral vascularity. Sixteen-hole dynamic condylar screw and condylar buttress plates were applied on the proximal and distal shafts, respectively, of intact femora in ten human cadavers. On one side, the plate was inserted using a lateral conventional plate osteosynthesis (CPO) technique with elevation of the vastus lateralis muscle to expose the shaft. On the contralateral side, the plate was inserted percutaneously beneath the muscle using a minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) technique. After plating, blue silicone dye was injected through the common femoral artery. A dissection was then performed to identify the femoral perforating arteries (PAs). The pattern of periosteal filling of the injected dye was analyzed. The MIPPO technique maintained the integrity of the PAs and exhibited superior periosteal perfusion. The results of this study indicate that the MIPPO technique maintains femoral vascularity and perfusion better than the CPO technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European spine journal 5 (1996), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Odontoid fracture in children ; Synchondrosis ; Operative treatment ; Follow-up ; Biomechanics ; Child seat restraint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Odontoid “fractures” in young children typically involve the cartilaginous plate (synchondrosis) that separates the odontoid process from the body of the axis; 58 cases have been described in the literature. We report two cases in which 2-year-old children were involved as backseat passengers in head-on motor vehicle accidents, both were restrained by four-point child's seat harnesses. A biomechanical investigation was carried out using simulation in a real car crash test with a child dummy. This revealed that head-on collisions with a speed absorption of at least 40 km/h are the typical mechanism of injury in children under the age of 3 years involved in motor vehicle accidents. Shearing force is all that is necessary to explain the dens fracture. Both children were immediately symptomatic, and the diagnosis was obvious on radiographs. Neither child had neurological deficit, which correlates well with the literature, where neurological injuries were found only in conjunction with head injuries. After closed reduction, both cases were initially trated conservatively with halo and plaster vest for 12 weeks. In one case, in which the anterior dislocation was less than the diameter of the odontoid shaft, eventless healing occurred. In our second case, despite an anatomic reduction, the odontoid fracture failed to unite. After a temporary posterior fixation of C1/C2 we reamed the synchondrosis from anterior and performed autogenous bone grafting. The posterior fixation wire was removed after 5 months. In contrast to the literature, we do not recommend a permanent posterior fusion of C1/C2. Our two young patients were both followed-up for more than 3 years. Clinical and radiological examination at final follow-up was normal with no signs of atypical growth of the odontoid. In cases of major dislocation with greater instability we recommend primary open reduction and osteosynthesis with appropriate implants. This was done in a third case: a $$1{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}$$ -year-old boy who fell down the stairs and sustained a head injury and an unstable lesion of the odontoid with subtotal paraplegia. The odontoid was fixed with two screws.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 69 (1998), S. 684-700 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 382 (1997), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Biomechanics ; Fracture-fixation-intramedullary ; Femoral fractures-diaphyseal ; Unreamed ; Cadaver study ; Human ; Schlüsselwörter Biomechanik ; Intramedulläre Frakturfixation ; Femorale Diaphysenfraktur ; Unaufge-bohrt ; Studie an menschlichen Leichen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie war die vergleichende Untersuchung verschiedener Femurverriegelungsnägel auf die Primärstabilität im Knochen-Implantat Verbund (KIV). Dabei wurden die folgenden Implantate in einer Modellosteosynthese getestet: AO-Universal-Femur-nagel (AOU) 11 mm, AO unaufgebohrter Femurnagel Stahl 9 mm, Verriegelung mit 3,2–3,9-mm-Bolzen (SUFN3,9), SUFN 9 mm, mit 4,3–4,9-mm-Bolzen (SUFN4,9), AO unaufgebohrter Femurnagel Titan (12TUFN) 12 mm, mit 4,3–4,9-mm-Bolzen, TUFN 9 mm, Verriegelung mit 4,3–4,9-mm-Bolzen (9TUFN). Die Prüfungen wurden mit einer Universalprüfmaschine an 40 humanen, gepaarten, kältekonservierten Kadaverfemora durchgeführt. Jeder einzelne Knochen wurde zunächst im intakten Zustand geprüft, dann wurde die Osteotomie durchgeführt und das jeweilige Implantat eingesetzt. Ausgewertet wurde die relative Steifigkeit. Es zeigte sich eine signifikant höhere Torsionssteifigkeit der nicht soliden ungeschlitzten Femurnägel im Vergleich zu dem geschlitzten AOU. Die Biegesteifigkeit des KIV des TUFN mit 12 mm Durchmesser war signifikant höher als die Biegesteifigkeit des KIV der anderen Implantate. Bei der axialen Belastung zeigte der KIV des SUFN4,9 eine signifikant höhere Steifigkeit als der KIV des TUFN. Die Steifigkeitsunterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen KIV waren bei der axialen Belastung und Biegebelastung relativ geringer als bei der Torsion. Für die Torsionssteifigkeit ist das Nagelprofil (±Schlitz) entscheidender Parameter. Zwischen den soliden Implantaten zeigten sich ebenfalls signifikante Unterschiede für die Biegung und axiale Belastung.
    Notes: Abstract Today there is a variety of different interlocking intramedullary nail designs available for the femur – each designed with a different approach to achieve stability for fracture fixation. We compared different nail types in the bone-implant complex (BIC) of four unreamed solid nails and a slotted, reamed nail to see if there are major differences in stiffness for axial load, bending and torsion. We simulated comminuted mid-shaft fractures by a 2 cm defect osteotomy in paired human cadaver femora. Each bone was tested intact in a Universal testing machine. The results were recorded, osteotomy and osteosynthesis were performed, and the BIC was tested. Relative stiffness was calculated for each individual bone. For P-values less than 0.01 (`least significance difference test') the difference between groups was considered to be significant. In torque testing the unslotted solid nails showed significantly more stiffness (0.6–1.8 Nm/°) compared to the slotted nail (0.2 Nm/°). Compared to intact bone (6.9 Nm/°), both groups of nails were significantly less stiff (relative stiffness 2–20%). In axial load and bending testing, the large-diameter unreamed nail showed greater higher stiffness (32–68%). This study shows that stiffness of the BIC in interlocking femoral nails is more dependent on nail profile than on the press-fit of nails in the medullary canal. For torque stiffness the absence of a slot is of special importance. According to our study, all of the unslotted nails tested give adequate stability for fracture fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 382 (1997), S. 325-331 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Cadaver testing ; Plate fixation ; Biomechanics ; Titanium ; Prebending ; Schlüsselwörter Plattenosteosynthese ; Titan ; Vorbiegung ; Vorspannung ; Biomechanik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel unserer Untersuchung war es, die notwendige Plattenvorbiegung und Vorspannung bei Verwendung des AO-Titan-LC-DCP zusammen mit der AO-4,5-mm-Kortikalisschraube zur Stabilisierung von Frakturen der Unterschenkel zu ermitteln. Zur Ermittlung des Stabilitätsverhaltens wurden folgende Parameter bestimmt: der Aufklaffwinkel in Abhängigkeit von der Vorspannung, das Biegemoment und das Rückbiegemoment für bestimmte Vorbiegewinkel und das Stabilitätsverhalten der Titan-LC-DCP für bestimmte Vorspannkräfte und Vorbiegewinkel unter idealisierten Bedingungen an einem Versuchsmodell aus Hartfaserrohren. Bei der Titian-LC-DCP ergab sich ein Aufklaffwinkel von 0,45°/100 N im Bereich zwischen 100 und 1500 N. Das Plattenrückbiegemoment zeigte bei der Titan-LC-DCP keinen linearen Kurvenverlauf bis 8° wie bei der Stahl-DCP, sondern, bedingt durch die höhere Zähigkeit von Titan, einen exponentiellen Verlauf. Über einer Vorbiegung von 26° kam es zu einem asymptotischen Verlauf. Die Stabilität der Modellosteosynthesen wurde anhand der Steifigkeit im elastischen und plastischen Verformungsbereich beurteilt. Die in unserem Versuch erreichte maximale Vorspannung betrug 2400 N und die maximale Vorbiegung 24°. Im Modell fand sich die geringste Verformung bei einem Vorbiegewinkel von 24° und einer Vorspannkraft von 1500 N. Im klinischen Einsatz erschwert eine so große Vorbiegung die Reposition, deshalb empfehlen wir nur einen Vorbiegewinkel von 9° und eine Vorspannung von 1000 N.
    Notes: Abstract To assess the behavior of the LC-DCP with prebending and pretensioning we tested: gap angle vs. tensioning force without prebending; Bending moment for different prebending angles; In a model using a fiber tube to simulate the bone for different prebending angles and pretensioning forces of the LC-DCP the deformation in 4 point bending open was tested. Maximum prebending angle was 24°, maximum pretensioning force was 2400 N; in human cadaver tibiae angles of 3°, 9°, 24° and forces of 300 N, 1000 N and 1500 N, were tested to look for the difference in a less idealized model. – Results: 1. A near linear curve for gap angle vs. force with an angle of 0.45°/100 N was found between 100 N and 1500 N; 2. We did not find a near linear bending moment/bending angle curve up to 8° like in the DCP but an exponential curve development as it had to be expected by the lower modulus of elasticity of titanium; 3. the maximum mechanical stability was found for a angle of 24° and a force of 1500 N. – The titanium LC-DCP shows a different mechanical reaction to prebending and pretensioning in the bone implant complex compared to stul DCP. Optimum prebending and pretensioning for axial compression and mechanical stability in the LC-DCP are by far greater than clinically possible. From our mechanical testing a prebending angle of 24° and a pretensioning force of 1500 N would allow the largest axial compression and show the most resistance against deformation in bending open. In the clinical setting this would result in difficult reduction and therefore, we recommend a prebending angle of 9° and a pretensioning force of 1000 N.
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