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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive ratio and behavioral economic evaluation of the reinforcing efficacy of orally delivered phencyclidine and ethanol in monkeys: effects of feeding conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 128 (1996), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral economics ; Break point ; Drug self-administration ; Ethanol ; Food restriction ; Food satiation ; PCP ; Phencyclidine ; Progressive ratio ; Rhesus monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of feeding conditions on the reinforcing efficacy of orally-delivered drugs was evaluated using a progressive-ratio (PR) paradigm and a behavioral economic analysis of demand. Seven monkeys self-administered phencyclidine (PCP) (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ml) or ethanol (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% wt/vol) and concurrent water from two drinking spouts under concurrent PR schedules. The ratios increased from 8 to 4096, and 40 liquid deliveries were available after completion of each ratio schedule. The entire range of drug concentrations was presented in nonsystematic order under two feeding conditions, food restriction and food satiation. Drug maintained responses, deliveries and break points were significantly greater than those maintained by water. Food restriction significantly increased the rate of PCP-maintained responses, deliveries and PR break points over the food satiation baseline. There was also a significant interaction between feeding condition and drug concentration. Although ethanol-maintained responses, liquid deliveries and break points consistently increased in five of seven monkeys during food restriction, only drug concentration produced significant differences in these measures. Using break point as a measure of reinforcing efficacy, food restriction increased the reinforcing efficacy of PCP and had a more pronounced effect at higher drug unit prices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050134
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex differences in the acquisition of intravenously self-administered cocaine and heroin in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acquisition ; Cocaine ; Heroin ; Rat ; Self-administration ; Sex difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Rationale: Despite numerous reports that male and female animals differ in behavioral responses to drugs, few studies have investigated sex differences in drug-reinforced behavior. Objectives: Acquisition of IV cocaine and heroin self-administration was compared in 20 female and 22 male Wistar rats. Methods: An autoshaping procedure was used to train rats to press a lever that resulted in either a 0.2 mg/kg infusion of cocaine or a 0.015 mg/kg infusion of heroin under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR 1) schedule. Daily sessions consisted of six 1-h autoshaping components followed by a 6-h self-administration component. During each autoshaping component, a retractable lever briefly (15 s) extended into the test chamber on a random interval schedule with a mean of either 90 s (cocaine groups) or 480 s (heroin groups) and either ten (cocaine groups) or five (heroin groups) computer-automated infusions were delivered each hour. During each 6-h self-administration component, the lever remained extended and each response on the lever resulted in an infusion of either cocaine (0.2 mg/kg) or heroin (0.015 mg/kg). The criterion for acquisition of cocaine self-administration was a mean of at least 100 infusions and the criterion for heroin self-administration was a mean of at least 20 infusions during the self-administration component over five consecutive sessions. Results: Female rats acquired both cocaine and heroin self-administration more rapidly than males. Acquisition of cocaine self-administration occurred in a greater percentage of female rats compared to males. Female rats self-administered more cocaine than males after acquisition criteria had been met. Conclusions: These findings indicate that female rats were more vulnerable than males to the acquisition of cocaine and heroin self-administration under the conditions of the present experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050979
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition of oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effects of dose and an alternative non-drug reinforcer (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 137 (1998), S. 132-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acquisition ; Alternative reinforcer ; Dose ; Drug self-administration ; Oral phencyclidine ; PCP ; Rhesus monkeys ; Saccharin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of drug dose and a non-drug alternative reinforcer on acquisition of oral PCP self-administration in rhesus monkeys were examined. Acquisition was studied using three groups of monkeys (seven subjects per group). One group received a low PCP dose (0.0375 mg/delivery) and the other two received a high PCP dose (0.15 mg/delivery). One of the high dose groups had concurrent access to a saccharin solution (0.03% w/v) and water during the intersession (17.5-h) period. Food non-restricted monkeys were initially given access to water under a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule during daily 3-h sessions. Water was then replaced with PCP during the session. The monkeys were then reduced to 85% of their free-feeding body weights and fed before the session, and the FR value was increased from 1 to 2, 4 and 8. Subsequently, food was given post-session and water and PCP were available under concurrent FR 8 schedules. At this final step of the procedure, acquisition of PCP self-administration was considered to occur if PCP intake consistently exceeded water intake. When all three groups were given concurrent access to PCP and water, PCP intake was greater than water intake only in the group of monkeys receiving the high PCP dose. PCP intake increased when water replaced saccharin during intersession in the high PCP dose group. Within-group data revealed that 85.7% of monkeys acquired PCP reinforcement in the group given access to the high PCP dose while only 42.8% acquired in the other two groups. These data suggest that drug dose and presence of alternative non-drug reinforcers affect acquisition of drug self administration in non-human primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050602
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of baclofen on maintenance and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 143 (1999), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Baclofen ; Cocaine ; Extinction ; Intravenous self-administration ; Maintenance dose ; Rat ; Reinstatement of responding ; Relapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Rationale: Recent studies suggest that the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, may be a useful pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse. Objectives: To investigate further the effects of baclofen on maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced behavior in rats. Methods: Two groups of rats were trained to self-administer IV cocaine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg per infusion) during daily 7-h sessions under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule. Rats were pretreated with baclofen (1.25, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg IP) or saline before the session for 5 consecutive days. An additional group of rats was trained to self-administer IV cocaine (0.4 mg/kg per infusion) during the first 2 h of daily 7-h sessions. Cocaine was replaced by saline for the remaining 5 h of the session. Once behavior had stabilized over the 7-h period, priming injections of saline (IV), cocaine (3.2 mg/kg IV) or baclofen (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg IP) were administered prior to hour 4. Injections of baclofen (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg IP) or saline were also given before priming injections of cocaine. Results: Pretreatment with the two higher doses of baclofen (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) decreased the number of cocaine infusions in both maintenance groups (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) over the 5-day treatment period. Baclofen had a greater suppressant effect on responding maintained by the lower dose of cocaine. Priming injections of baclofen (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) or saline did not reinstate responding. However, these same doses of baclofen dose-dependently reduced the reinstatement of responding produced by priming injections of cocaine. Conclusions: 1) The magnitude of the suppressant effects of baclofen on maintenance of cocaine self-administration depends upon the maintenance dose, 2) baclofen may be useful in preventing reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, and 3) compared to maintenance, reinstatement of responding is more sensitive to the suppressant effects of baclofen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050937
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of progressive ratio schedules versus behavioral economic measures: effect of an alternative reinforcer on the reinforcing efficacy of phencyclidine (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Alternative reinforcer ; Behavioral economics ; Break point ; Drug-reinforced behavior ; Drug self-administration ; Phencyclidine ; Progressive ratio ; Reinforcing efficacy ; Rhesus monkeys ; Saccharin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Alternative non-drug reinforcers have been demonstrated to decrease drug-reinforced behavior by both decreasing relative reinforcing efficacy and substituting for the drug reinforcer. The effect of saccharin on responding maintained by orally delivered phencyclidine (PCP) was examined in this study using concurrent progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement and a behavioral economic analysis of demand. Seven adult male rhesus monkeys self-administered PCP (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/ml) and either concurrent water or saccharin (0.03% wt/vol) from two drinking spouts under concurrent independent PR schedules. During daily sessions the response requirements (lip contacts on automatic drinking spouts) increased across 15 levels, from 8 to 4096. Each successful ratio completion resulted in the availability of 40 liquid deliveries under an FR 1 schedule and a subsequent increment in the PR. Concentrations of PCP were presented in a non-systematic order and presentation of the concurrent liquid, saccharin or water, was counterbalanced across subjects. All behaviors maintained by PCP were significantly greater than those maintained by water. Replacement of water with saccharin served to significantly decrease PCP-maintained responding and break points (BP) across the range of PCP concentrations; however, saccharin did not significantly decrease deliveries of PCP. Saccharin maintained significantly greater responding, BPs and deliveries compared to either PCP or water, across all PCP concentrations. The use of BP as a measure of reinforcing efficacy suggests that saccharin decreased the relative reinforcing efficacy of PCP. Furthermore, behavioral economic analyses suggested that saccharin decreased maximal PCP-maintained responding (Pmax) in a similar fashion, suggesting that BP and Pmax may be analogous measures of reinforcing efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050325
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists (D1 and D2) on the demand for smoked cocaine base in rhesus monkeys (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral economics ; Cocaine base ; Crack ; Demand ; Dopamine antagonist ; Drug self-administration ; Elasticity ; Raclopride ; Rhesus monkey ; SCH 23390 ; Unit price
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Previous studies suggest that dopamine antagonists may reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine. However, the effects of these antagonists on the demand for smoked cocaine base have not been quantified. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of selective D1 (SCH 23390) and D2 (raclopride) dopamine receptor antagonists on the demand for smoked cocaine base in rhesus monkeys using a behavioral economic analysis. Methods: Six rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer smoked cocaine base (1.0 mg/kg/delivery) under chained fixed-ratio (FR) schedules (FR64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 or 2048 for lever presses and FR5 for inhalations) during daily 4-h sessions. A maximum of ten smoke deliveries were available. After 5 days of stable behavior at each FR, SCH 23390 (0.01 and 0.056 mg/kg) or raclopride (0.03 and 0.056 mg/kg) were injected intramuscularly, before each session, for 3 consecutive days. Results: Pretreatment with both antagonists dose-dependently reduced cocaine intake across most FR values tested; however, the decrease in consumption was greater at the higher unit prices than at the lower unit prices. A statistical estimate of the price (FR) at which maximum responding occurred (Pmax) was decreased during drug pretreatment, indicating weakened reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine. Conclusions: These data suggest that both antagonists reduce the reinforcing effectiveness of smoked cocaine base, and they have a greater effect on cocaine consumption at higher FR values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130051021
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