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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of feeding conditions on drug-reinforced behavior: Maintenance at reduced body weight versus availability of food (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 68 (1980), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Etonitazene reinforcement ; Oral selfadministration ; Food deprivation ; Food access ; Concurrent schedules ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent research has shown that food deprivation increases drug self-administration in rats and rhesus monkeys. The purpose of the present study was to examine two variables related to this food-deprivation effect: maintenance of rats at reduced body weights and the absence of food. Etonitazene HCl was established as a reinforcer orally for 12 rats according to procedures previously used in experiments reported by this laboratory. Lever-pressing behavior was maintained under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules during daily 1-h sessions by etonitazene or water, which were available either concurrently or on alternating days. In the first experiment, six rats were maintained at 75% of their free-feeding weights. The effect of presenting the daily food allotment at 23, 4, 2, 1, or 0 h before their daily drug or water self-administration session was studied. When the rats were fed 23, 4, or 2 h before the session, etonitazene dipper presentations were at maximum levels and were substantially higher than for water. When the rats were fed during (0) or 1 h before the session, the number of etonitazene dipper presentations was lower, but it exceeded those for water. Under conditions of complete food satiation (0 h deprived-100% body weight), etonitazene and water dipper presentations were both low, and there were no differences between them. In the second experiment, six rats maintained at 75% of their free-feeding weights were trained to respond for etonitazene or water on alternating days. When they were subsequently food satiated (100% body weight), drug- and water-maintained behavior decreased to low levels. These rats were then deprived of food for 4 or 16 h before their daily 1-h session, and responding did not increase. Body weight did not decrease below 100%. These results suggest that maintenance at reduced body weight rather than the absence of food is the determinant of increased rates of drug-reinforced behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432128
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etonitazene as a reinforcer: Oral intake of etonitazene by rhesus monkeys (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 59 (1978), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rhesus monkeys ; Etonitazene HCl ; Etonitazene concentration ; Etonitazene reinforcement ; Fixed-ratio schedules ; Etonitazene drinking ; Oral self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Drinking of etonitazene HCl was studied in three rhesus monkeys during daily 3-h sessions. As the drug concentration was increased, the number of liquid deliveries decreased, and etonitazene intake (μg/kg body weight) increased. As fixed-ratio (FR) requirements were increased, rate of responding increased, and liquid deliveries slightly decreased. When water was substituted for the drug, there was a large increase in responding for several sessions, followed by a slow decline to low rates. When etonitazene was reintroduced, responding abruptly increased to previous drug levels. These data suggest that etonitazene can serve as a positive reinforcer when taken orally by rhesus monkeys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426626
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased phencyclidine self-administration due to food deprivation: Interaction with concentration and training conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Concentration ; Food deprivation ; Food satiation ; History ; Oral drug self-administration ; Phencyclidine ; PCP ; Training condition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six monkeys were trained to self-administer orally delivered phencyclidine (0.25 mg/ml) under a fixed-ratio 16 (FR-16) schedule. Water was concurrently available under an FR-16 schedule. During initial phencyclidine training, three monkeys were allowed free access to food (food satiation) and three were maintained at 85% of their free-feeding body weights (food deprivation). At the end of the training phase, the food-satiated monkeys were food-deprived. After behavior was stable for ten sessions, all monkeys were food-satiated and tested with a range of phencyclidine concentrations (0.0625–1 mg/ml). They were subsequently food-deprived and tested with concentrations of 0.0312–1 mg/ml, and then they were again food-satiated and tested with 0.0312 and 0.25 mg/ml. The monkeys that were trained to self-administer phencyclidine-maintained responding at lower drug concentrations when later tested while food-satiated. In contrast, monkeys that were trained while food-deprived did not respond for phencyclidine in excess of water at the lower concentrations when later tested while food-satiated. Drug-maintained performance during food deprivation did not change systematically as a function of training condition (food deprivation versus food satiation). These results illustrated a marked interaction between drug concentration and the feeding condition and this interaction was modified by training history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555202
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of increased drug self-administration due to food deprivation (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 74 (1981), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug self-administration ; Food deprivation ; Etonitazene ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in oral etonitazene self-administration were compared in four groups of rats that were maintained at 100, 95, 85, or 75% of their pre-experimental free-feeding body weights. Etonitazene (5 μg/ml) or water was available for 16 h according to a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule. Each liquid delivery (0.1 ml) was contingent upon a lever-press response. During food deprivation etonitazene intake gradually increased to over two-fold as body weights decreased over 25 sessions; etonitazene intake was inversely proportional to body weight. The 75% weight group showed stereotypy, self-mutilation and large variability in daily etonitazene intake. In another experiment a range of deprivation conditions was studied in a group of six rats with etonitazene (5 μg/ml) or water available on an FR 8 schedule during 1-h sessions. When the rats were gradually food satiated, etonitazene-maintained behavior declined but remained higher than water-maintained behavior; however, when they were abruptly food satiated, etonitazene-maintained behavior decreased to low levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427092
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral self-administration of phencyclidine analogs by rhesus monkeys: Conditioned taste and visual reinforcers (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned reinforcement ; Dissociative anesthetics ; Oral drug self-administration ; PCE ; PCP ; Rhesus monkeys ; Taste ; TCP ; Visual stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three monkeys self-administered orally-delivered phencyclidine, 1-(1-phencyclohexyl) piperidine (PCP), N-ethyl-1-phencyclohexylamine (PCE), and 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP) over a wide range of concentrations (0.0156, 0.0312, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/ml). Water was also available under a concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 16 schedule. Drug deliveries were substantially higher than concurrent water deliveries at all concentrations, indicating that the three compounds functioned as effective reinforcers. Maximum liquid deliveries occurred at concentrations of 0.0625 (PCP and TCP) and 0.125 mg/ml (PCE). TCP was much shorter-acting (10–15 min) than PCP (4–6 h) based on observations of severe ataxia at high concentrations. To investigate the conditioned reinforcing effects of taste, a quinine solution (0.088 mg/ml) was substituted for PCP (0.25 mg/ml) in five monkeys. Four monkeys responded for quinine in excess of water for a range of seven to over 30 sessions, while one monkey (M-R) did not show any substantial responding for quinine. With the same five monkeys (treatment order mixed), the effect of visual stimuli was tested by substituting water for PCP while retaining the visual stimuli indicating drug availability. Four monkeys showed increased responding on the side signaling drug for only 0–4 sessions, while one monkey (M-R) showed persistent responding for water on the side with drug stimuli for 29 sessions. These results indicated that taste functioned as an effective conditioned reinforcer, while visual stimuli appeared to be less effective in the oral drug self-administration paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432246
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dose on increased etonitazene self-administration by rats due to food deprivation (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 82 (1984), S. 151-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dose ; Etonitazene ; Food deprivation ; Food satiation ; IV drug self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to self-administer IV-delivered etonitazene while food satiated. A wide range of etonitazene doses (5–80 μg/kg) and saline were tested under food satiation and food deprivation conditions. Food deprivation produced a parallel increase in the dose-response function under FR 1 and FR 16 schedule conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427762
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoshaping i.v. cocaine self-administration in rats: effects of nondrug alternative reinforcers on acquisition (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 5-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acquisition ; Autoshaping ; Cocaine ; Drinking behavior ; Food deprivation ; Glucose and saccharin (G+S) ; Intravenous ; Rats ; Self ; administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of a nondrug alternative reinforcer and feeding conditions on the acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Rats were autoshaped to press a lever that resulted in a 0.2 mg/kg IV cocaine infusion. Responses on the lever were monitored during six consecutive autoshaping sessions that occurred each day. A retractable lever was inserted into the operant chamber on a random time 60 s schedule 10 times per session for six sessions that began each hour. Each day the six autoshaping sessions were followed by a 6-h cocaine self-administration session. During self-administration the lever remained extended, and each response on the lever resulted in a cocaine infusion (0.2 mg/kg). The criterion for acquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior was met when there were 5 consecutive days during which the mean number of infusions during the 6-h self-administration session was at least 100. This procedure was repeated daily until the criterion was met or 30 days elapsed. The rats were also trained to respond on lick-operated automatic drinking devices that delivered 0.05 ml water or a glucose and saccharin solution (G+S) contingent upon each lick response. Five groups of 12–14 rats were compared. The first four groups constituted a 2 × 2 factorial design whereby either G+S or water was available in the home cage for 3 weeks before autoshaping began and G+S or water was available in the operant chamber during autoshaping. These groups were limited to 20 g food per day and all had free access to water. A fifth group had only water available in the home cage and operant chamber, and they had unlimited access to food but no G+S. The results indicated that access to the G+S solution in the operant chamber substantially delayed autoshaping, and a large percentage of these rats did not meet the autoshaping criterion within 30 days. The data from groups that had G+S in the home cage were very similar to those that had only water in the home cage; thus, a history of access to G+S did not interfere with acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Autoshaping in the group that had free access to food was highly variable, but a high positive correlation was found between the amount of food consumed and the number of days taken to meet the acquisition criterion. When the rats from the group that consumed over 20 g were compared to the rats in another group that were limited to 20 g and had no G+S, it was found that the increased food intake markedly decreased the rate of acquisition of cocaine self-administration. These findings indicate that acquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior is delayed or prevented in environments enriched with nondrug alternative reinforcers such as food and a preferred liquid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246944
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive ratio and behavioral economic evaluation of the reinforcing efficacy of orally delivered phencyclidine and ethanol in monkeys: effects of feeding conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 128 (1996), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral economics ; Break point ; Drug self-administration ; Ethanol ; Food restriction ; Food satiation ; PCP ; Phencyclidine ; Progressive ratio ; Rhesus monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of feeding conditions on the reinforcing efficacy of orally-delivered drugs was evaluated using a progressive-ratio (PR) paradigm and a behavioral economic analysis of demand. Seven monkeys self-administered phencyclidine (PCP) (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ml) or ethanol (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% wt/vol) and concurrent water from two drinking spouts under concurrent PR schedules. The ratios increased from 8 to 4096, and 40 liquid deliveries were available after completion of each ratio schedule. The entire range of drug concentrations was presented in nonsystematic order under two feeding conditions, food restriction and food satiation. Drug maintained responses, deliveries and break points were significantly greater than those maintained by water. Food restriction significantly increased the rate of PCP-maintained responses, deliveries and PR break points over the food satiation baseline. There was also a significant interaction between feeding condition and drug concentration. Although ethanol-maintained responses, liquid deliveries and break points consistently increased in five of seven monkeys during food restriction, only drug concentration produced significant differences in these measures. Using break point as a measure of reinforcing efficacy, food restriction increased the reinforcing efficacy of PCP and had a more pronounced effect at higher drug unit prices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050134
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cocaine-base smoking in rhesus monkeys: reinforcing and physiological effects (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 443-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cardiovascular effects ; Cocaine-base ; Monkeys ; Self-administration ; Smoking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four rhesus monkeys were trained to smoke cocaine-base under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, with ten smoking trials available each day. Unit dose was varied from 0.25 to 3 mg/kg, and lidocaine (2 mg/kg) was substituted for cocaine. Number of responses and break-point on the PR schedule increased with dose while the number of smoke deliveries increased only slightly. Maximum daily smoke deliveries ranged from six to nine across monkeys. When lidocaine (2 mg/kg) was substituted for cocaine-base, responding decreased to approximately half of that maintained by cocaine, and when cocaine was reinstated, higher response rates returned. Cardiovascular changes associated with cocaine smoking were monitored with an indwelling radio transmitter. There was an initial decrease in heart rate (30 s) followed by a rapid rise and decline by the end of the 15-min trials. Blood pressure increased rapidly after trial onset and returned to pretrial baseline by 15 min. Over the eight trials completed during a session, heart rate and blood pressure steadily increased over presession baselines during the first four trials, but there was then a decline suggesting acute tolerance development. Observations of the monkeys after each trial revealed dilated pupils and slightly agitated, hyperactive behavior. These findings indicated that smoked cocaine-base was rapidly established as a reinforcer for monkeys, and the physiological effects were similar to those reported in studies of human subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247123
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of buprenorphine on self-administration of cocaine and a nondrug reinforcer in rats (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Buprenorphine ; Cocaine self-administration ; Drinking behavior ; Intravenous rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nine groups of rats self-administered intravenously-delivered cocaine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg) during 24-h sessions contingent upon lever-press responses under a fixed-ratio (FR) 4 schedule. Three other groups of rats responded on tongue-operated drinking devices for deliveries (0.01 ml) of a solution of glucose and saccharin (G+S). There were an additional three groups that initially self-administered cocaine (0.2 mg/kg), and later saline replaced cocaine and extinction behavior was allowed to stabilize. All 15 groups of rats were injected twice daily for 5 days with one of three doses of buprenorphine (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg). Buprenorphine decreased cocaine self-administration, but the effect of the highest dose was only slightly greater than that of the lowest dose tested. Cocaine infusions were reduced on the first day of treatment, but they increased over the next 4 days of buprenorphine injections. Buprenorphine decreased G+S intake during the last 2 or 3 days of injections. When buprenorphine treatment was terminated, G+S intake decreased even further. These lower rates of intake persisted for at least 5 days, and they returned to baseline by 2 weeks. Saline self-administration was decreased by buprenorphine in all saline extinction groups. Food intake was not altered by buprenorphine in the groups self-administering IV cocaine or saline; however, food intake was reduced in the G+S groups. Water intake increased during buprenorphine treatment in some of the cocaine groups but not in the G+S groups. Responding on the inactive lever was not altered by buprenorphine during cocaine or G+S self-administration, but it decreased in the saline extinction group. These data indicate that buprenorphine is effective in reducing cocaine reinforced behavior, but it also produced decrements in behavior rewarded by nondrug substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244812
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