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  • 1995-1999  (9)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization processes in Co/Cu multilayers with low magnetoresistive hysteresis (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 1611-1620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used transmission electron microscopy to study magnetization processes in Co/Cu multilayers with the Cu spacer layer thickness close to 9 Å. The films show giant magnetoresistance (GMR) values (approximate)25%, saturation fields of 1–2 kOe, and very little magnetoresistive hysteresis; they are of interest as position sensors. While the Cu thickness was chosen to correspond to the first antiferromagnetic maximum, magnetic images taken throughout a magnetization cycle attest to the fact that the antiferromagnetic coupling is far from complete. Detailed analysis of image sequences and the corresponding low angle diffraction patterns suggests that the coupling is dominated by a biquadratic component. This is consistent with the relatively low value of GMR. Furthermore, the well-defined and relatively simple domain processes which are observed over the low field regime (±50 Oe) explain why little hysteresis is observed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370935
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization reversal mechanisms in NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn spin-valve structures (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 5554-5562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy is used to provide a detailed description of how magnetization reversals take place in NiFe/Cu/NiFe/FeMn spin-valves. Direct observation is made of how both NiFe layers respond to an applied field. Marked differences from the behavior observed in single Permalloy layers of the same thickness are identified. Complex 360° wall structures frequently form and are studied in some detail. A description of their structure is given and a theory involving the compensation of charges from the biased layer is suggested to explain stability. The work has a direct bearing on the performance of spin-valves as sensors as the way the magnetization changes under the influence of an applied field affects the noise characteristics. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359676
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron beam fabrication and characterization of high-resolution magnetic force microscopy tips (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 2913-2919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stray field, magnetic microstructure, and switching behavior of high-resolution electron beam fabricated thin film tips for magnetic force microscopy (MFM) are investigated with different imaging modes in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). As the tiny smooth carbon needles covered with a thermally evaporated magnetic thin film are transparent to the electron energies used in these TEMs it is possible to observe both the external stray field emanating from the tips as well as their internal domain structure. The experiments confirm the basic features of electron beam fabricated thin film tips concluded from various MFM observations using these tips. Only a weak but highly concentrated stray field is observed emanating from the immediate apex region of the tip, consistent with their capability for high resolution. It also supports the negligible perturbation of the magnetization sample due to the tip stray field observed in MFM experiments. Investigation of the magnetization distributions within the tips, as well as preliminary magnetizing experiments, confirm a preferred single domain state of the high aspect ratio tips. To exclude artefacts of the observation techniques both nonmagnetic tips and those supporting different magnetization states are used for comparison. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361287
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization reversal process in TbCo-biased spin valves : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6452-6454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetization reversal processes in the free and the pinned layers of TbCo-biased spin valves have been studied in a highly modified transmission electron microscope. Reversal of the free layer in the presence of a field antiparallel to the biasing direction proceeds by a complex domain process with 360° walls forming frequently. In the presence of substantially higher fields, the pinned layer reverses by creep of highly irregular walls through the structure. By studying image grey levels, an estimate of the average orientation of the induction vector in the TbCo layer is made. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361971
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of domain processes and magnetoresistance changes as a function of field and number of bilayers in Co/Cu multilayers : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 3775-3777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The understanding of the magnetization processes in Co/Cu multilayers showing substantial giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is incomplete. To gain further insight into the coupling and resultant switching characteristics, a series of Co/Cu multilayers with 3–15 bilayers has been grown by dc magnetron sputtering. Microstructural and micromagnetic studies along with MR measurements were made on the samples. Lorentz microscopy was used to directly observe the evolution of domain structures under the influence of an applied field. It appeared that dissimilar domain structures occurred in different layers. Magnetic structures were generally submicron in size although in samples with few bilayers well defined domain walls were also observed during the reversal process. Their occurrence coincided with abrupt steps in the GMR curves. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365505
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct observation of magnetization reversal processes in micron-sized elements of spin-valve material (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 5321-5325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Simple calculations suggest that when continuous films of spin-valve material are patterned into micron-sized elements the magnetic properties should change markedly, depending on the element shape and size. We have used the differential phase contrast imaging mode of transmission electron microscopy to study directly the magnetization distributions supported by such elements in zero field and when subjected to an applied field in the pinning direction. For elements whose long axis is parallel to the pinning direction a parallel alignment of the free and pinned layers is favored. When subjected to a field a complex domain structure evolves and different irreversible paths are followed as the element is taken from negative to positive saturation and back again. By contrast, when the pinning direction is parallel to the short axis an antiparallel arrangement, where the magnetostatic contribution to the energy is effectively suppressed, can be preferred and simpler reversal mechanisms, with a higher degree of reversibility, are frequently seen. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367358
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fabrication of NiFe thin film elements by dry etching using CH4/H2/O2 (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 3194-3196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A mixture of methane, hydrogen, and oxygen has been used to etch thin films of NiFe. The variation of etch rate with concentration of methane and oxygen has been investigated. By using a SrF2 mask, patterned by liftoff, small micrometer-sized elements have been fabricated. It is demonstrated that the use of CH4/H2/O2 as an etchant yields elements possessing similar micromagnetic properties to those produced by conventional liftoff. The process has also been successfully employed to etch other important magnetic thin films. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115160
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging domains in Co/Pt multilayers by magnetic force microscopy (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2566-2568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic microstructure in a Co/Pt multilayer has been imaged by magnetic force microscopy employing a novel tip structure. Magnetic tips have been fabricated by evaporating a thin film onto a single facet of the pyramidal tip of a silicon nitride cantilever. Nanolithographically defined elements have been used to simulate the micromagnetic structure of the tip and have been investigated by the Lorentz mode of electron microscopy. We demonstrate that stray fields from the Co/Pt multilayer can be sensed by the tip producing images of the magnetic microstructure with a fine structure on a scale of 30–40 nm. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114434
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Switching fields and magnetostatic interactions of thin film magnetic nanoelements (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 539-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Switching fields of magnetic elements with nanometric dimensions have been investigated by Lorentz microscopy using a transmission electron microscope. Acicular elements of Co and Ni80Fe20 were fabricated by electron beam lithography and lift-off techniques. They were 1.6–3.5 μm long, 200 nm wide, and 20–50 nm thick, with flat rectangular ends or triangular pointed ends, and were patterned in linear arrays with center-to-center spacing ranging from 7 μm to 250 nm. Switching fields and reversal behavior of the elements were found to depend strongly on the shape of the ends and, in a closely packed array, on element separation, thereby providing a way of controlling their magnetic properties. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119602
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