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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 2514-2516 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The impluse response of a fiber optic probe hydrophone (FOPH) is determined through it's step response obtained by using a self-focusing electromagnetic shock wave excitation. The experimental transfer function agrees well with the theoretical calculation of the transient response by diffraction of the acoustic wave at the fiber end face. A rise time of about 5 ns has been obtained for the shock front of the self-focusing shock wave generator by the deconvolution of the output signal of the hydrophone with it's impulse response. The FOPH can be used as a standard hydrophone for the absolute wideband measurement of shock waves of lithotripters and of acoustic waves in liquids in general.© 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 52-54 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Fetal age ; Radial alveolar count ; Lung maturation ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract A total of 53 normal fetuses with a gestational age ranging from 15 up to 39 weeks was investigated and the radial alveolar count (RAC) was estimated as a parameter for lung maturation. Values lower than 2.0 could only be found in lungs of fetuses aged less than 18 weeks. Between 18 and 25 weeks of gestation, relatively constant levels of RAC were observed but with considerable interindividual variation. In fetuses with a gestational age of more than 25 and especially 30 weeks, a slight or rapid increase in RAC occurred respectively. Values lower than 3.0 were found up to a fetal age of less than 30 weeks and a RAC of more than 4.0 was only found in lungs of fetuses aged more than 30 weeks. Values exceeding 6.0 occurred only in fetuses at near full-term birth. Since the estimation of RAC overcomes the effects of varying degrees of alveolar collapse, such an analysis also seems to be useful for the determination of fetal age in cases of advanced putrefaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 204-207 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Physical examination ; Postinfliction ; interval ; Skin reddening ; Petechial hemorrhages ; Microcirculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Skin reddening with or without additional changes such as pinpoint intracutaneous hemorrhages and/or minute superficial scratches was observed in 165 out of 739 physical examinations (reddening with additional changes: n = 81; reddening only: n = 84). The most common site where reddening was observed was the neck region (reddening with additional changes: n = 30; reddening only: n = 34). In over 85% of the cases, the postinfliction interval (Pi) was ≤ 1 day, and there were 12 and 10 cases with 1 〈 Pi≤ 3 days, respectively. Among these 22 cases, there were 5 cases with 2 〈 Pi≤ 3 days, (reddening with additional changes: n = 4; reddening only: n = 1). The maximum Pis were almost 3 days, and 2 days and 13 h, respectively. These results demonstrate that reddening of the skin with and that without additional changes (in particular petechiae) were detectable up to approximately 3 and 2 days after the event, respectively. Furthermore, in 17 out of 64 cases with reddening in the neck, petechial hemorrhages were seen in the eyelids and/or conjunctivae (reddening with additional changes: n = 10; reddening only: n = 7). The maximum Pi in which petechial hemorrhages were detectable in the eyelids and/or the palpebral conjunctivae was 1 day and 21 h. The present study indicates that physical examinations within 2 or 3 days after the event seem to be more suitable to find skin reddening and/or petechiae in the eye lids and/or the conjunctivae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 110 (1997), S. 260-266 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Colloid cyst ; Sudden death ; Third ventricle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of sudden death due to colloid cysts of the third ventricle are presented with a review of the literature. In the first case, a 40-year-old woman suffered an acute onset of severe frontal headache after an intercontinental air flight. The next day, she was found comatous and died 7 h after admission to a hospital. In the second case, a 33-year-old man with a medical history of recurrent headaches was found dead in his car. Autopsy in both cases revealed a colloid cyst of the third ventricle and hydrocephalus involving the lateral ventricles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Forensic pathology ; Wound age ; determination ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphometrical analysis ; Interleukin-1α (IL-1α)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract An immunohistochemical and morphometrical study on the temporal expression of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) was performed on 40 human skin wounds with different wound ages. Immunohistochemically, polymorphonuclear neutrophils mainly showed positive reactions for IL-1α in wounds aged between 4 h and 1 day, but with increasing wound age, neutrophils were no longer present, and macrophages and fibroblasts were positively stained. Morphometrically, the ratio of the number of IL-1α-positive infiltrating cells to the total number of infiltrating cells was evaluated. A considerable increase in the IL-1α-positive cell ratio was observed in wound specimens aged 4 h to 1 day, and the maximum ratio was 46.5% in a 7 h-old wound. The mean value of the IL-1α-positive ratio in 10 wound specimens with different wound ages between 4 h and 1 day was 32.8 ± 9.7%. In most cases the ratio of IL-1α-positive cells gradually decreased in wounds aged between 1.5 and 21 days to less than 30%, and the mean value was 17.5 ± 7.2% (n = 27). These results suggest that ratios of IL-1α-positive cells considerably exceeding 30%, indicate a postinfliction interval of 1 day or less.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 111 (1998), S. 287-291 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Kaspar Hauser ; Ancient DNA ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Sex determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract In 1828 a mysterious young man appeared in Nürnberg, Germany, who was barely able to speak or walk but could write down his name, Kaspar Hauser. He quickly became the centre of social interest but also the victim of intrigue. His appearance, his origin and assassination in 1833 were, and still are, the source of much debate. The most widely accepted theory postulates that Kaspar Hauser was the son of Grand Duke Carl von Baden and his wife Stephanie de Beauharnais, an adopted daughter of Napoleon Bonaparte. To check this theory, DNA analysis was performed on the clothes most likely worn by Kaspar Hauser when he was stabbed on December 14th, 1833. A suitable bloodstain from the underpants was divided and analysed independently by the Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Munich (ILM) and the Forensic Science Service Laboratory, Birmingham (FSS). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was sequenced from the bloodstain and from blood samples obtained from two living maternal relatives of Stephanie de Beauharnais. The sequence from the bloodstained clothing differed from the sequence found in both reference blood samples at seven confirmed positions. This proves that the bloodstain does not originate from a son of Stephanie de Beauharnais. Thus, it is becoming clear that Kaspar Hauser was not the Prince of Baden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 111 (1998), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Postmortem cooling ; Radiation energy loss ; Stefan-Boltzmann law ; Single exponential model ; Skin ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Conduction and convection are assumed to account for most of the energy loss from the dead body to the (cooler) environment. There are no quantitative estimations in the literature for the contribution of radiation to heat loss. The aim of the present paper was to estimate the radiation energy loss in postmortem cooling. The Stefan-Boltzmann law is used and combined with a single-exponential model for the cooling process of the skin derived from experimental data of Lyle and Cleveland (1956). The influence of various factors (e.g. skin temperature, environmental temperature, body mass and body height) on the amount of radiation emitted was investigated. The radiation energy is quantitatively described as a function of time. The radiation energy loss ranged from approximately 200 kJ in small (165 cm) and lean (50 kg) bodies at room temperature (20 °C) to approximately 600 kJ in tall (185 cm) and over-weight (100 kg) bodies at outdoor temperature (5 °C) in the first hour postmortem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 100 (1997), S. 754-758 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Thromboembolism prevention therapy • Jurisdiction • Informed consent • Guidelines ; Schlüsselwörter Thromboseprophylaxe • Rechtsprechung • Aufklärung • Leitlinien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Frage, bei wem, wie und wie lange Thromboseprophylaxe in der Unfallchirurgie durchzuführen ist, hat die Rechtsprechung bisher keine konkreten Vorschriften entwickelt. Allerdings hat der BGH 1995 entschieden, daß der Patient sowohl über mögliche Behandlungsalternativen einer Verletzung aufgeklärt werden müsse, wie auch über die dann jeweils mögliche Form der Thromboseprophylaxe. Dies, in Verbindung mit der Tatsache, daß Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Phlebologie zur Thromboseprophylaxe im Internet verbreitet werden, kann im Zivilprozeß, wo es um Schadensersatz und Schmerzensgeld geht, erhebliche Auswirkungen haben. Da der Arzt im Zivilprozeß die ordnungsgemäß erfolgte Aufklärung beweisen muß und die Leitlinien als „state of the art“ mißverstanden werden könnten, wird eine Liste der zu beachtenden Aufklärungspunkte vorgestellt und auf die Problematik der Leitlinien der Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften hingewiesen. Im Strafrecht ist dagegen nach der deutschen Rechtssystematik auch bei tödlicher Lungenembolie nach unterlassener oder fehlerhafter Prophylaxe eine Verurteilung praktisch fast so gut wie ausgeschlossen.
    Notes: Summary To date, current jurisdiction has not permitted an answer to the Aquestion as to how long thromboembolism prevention therapy is to be carried out after trauma surgery. However, the Bundesgerichtshof (BGH) reached a decision in 1995 on this matter. Accordingly, patients have to be informed about possible alternative treatment as well as the applicable form of thromboembolism prevention therapy in each specific case. In combination with the fact that the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Phlebologie (DGP, German society for phlebology) has published guidelines on thromboembolism prevention therapy via the Internet, this may have considerable impact on the outcome of civil litigation, with consequences for financial compensation. Since civil action requires the medical doctor to prove that he has provided an adequate and acceptable basis for informed consent in patients, in concurrence with the above-mentioned DGP guidelines being potentially misunderstood as representing state-of-the-art treatment, it is deemed necessary to present a list of points that must be brought to the patient's attention when requesting informed consent and, furthermore, the manner in which the guidelines of the medical specialist societies may bring about problems must be pointed out. In the specific context of the German judicial system, criminal law will virtually never lead to a conviction in a case of fatal pulmonary embolism following neglect of or insufficient thromboembolism prevention therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 107 (1995), S. 326-328 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Meningioma ; Trauma ; Causal connection ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract The case of a 41-year-old pregnant woman is reported who was found dead in her apartment 5 months after she had suffered a severe head injury due to a car accident. At autopsy, a meningioma (4 cm in diameter) was found localized in the right parieto-temporal region which had probably caused an epileptic seizure leading to central dysfunction and to death. The criteria concerning the diagnosis of a traumatic meningioma are discussed. In the present case, a causal connection between a former head trauma and the development of the tumor had to be refuted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 112 (1999), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Postmortem cooling ; Radiation ; Conduction ; Convection ; Thermal energy ; Supravital ; activity ; Time since death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract With the help of the law of Stefan and Boltzmann and a model for the cooling of exposed skin derived from the data of Lyle and Cleveland [7], the radiation energy loss ER can be calculated according to the following formula: where ɛ represents the emissivity of the skin (0.98), σ the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, AR the radiating surface area, TS(0) the skin temperature at death, TE the environmental temperature and Z′ = 0.1017 the gradient of the skin temperature curve. Additionally, an energy loss due to conduction and convection EC has to be taken into account. Comparing the energy losses due to radiation, conduction and convection with the decrease ET of the thermal energy in the body, calculated from mean heat capacity (3.45 kJ/(kg °K)), body mass and decrease of mean body temperature, there is a surplus of energy in the very early postmortem period, which can be explained only by an internal source of energy EI. Alltogether the following balance equation can be formulated: Since the body temperature decreases in the early postmortem period, EI can be estimated by: EI(t) ≥ max (ER(t) – ET(t), 0). The values obtained range up to 500 kJ for a medium sized (175 cm), medium weight (75 kg) body at an environmental temperature of 5 °C and are compatible with estimations of Lundquist [6] for supravital energy production by breakdown of glycogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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