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Allocation of attentional resources during habituation to food cues (1997)

EPSTEIN, LEONARD H. ; PALUCH, ROCCO ; SMITH, J. DAVID ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Psychophysiology 34 (1997), S. 0

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ISSN: 1469-8986

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine , Psychology

Notes: Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that habituation to repeated food cues can be inhibited by allocating processing resources to nonfood cues. In two experiments, the salivary response to 10 presentations of lemon yogurt was assessed while subjects engaged in a controlled cognitive search task (demanding attentional resources), an automatic search task (needing fewer attentional resources), or no task. In Experiment 1, the controlled and automatic search tasks differed in the number of memory set items. In Experiment 2, the size of the memory sets was held constant, and individuals were provided practice to stabilize the different search strategies in the task. The automatic search and no task groups habituated to the repeated presentation of food cues in both experiments, but the controlled search group did not. These results support the hypothesis that allocation of attentional resources to external cues can influence the processing of food cues.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02416.x

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Mecamylamine blocks the development of tolerance to nicotine in rats: implications for the mechanisms of tolerance (1999)

McCallum, Sarah E. ; Caggiula, A. R. ; Epstein, Leonard H. ; [et al.]

Springer

Psychopharmacology 141 (1999), S. 332-338

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ISSN: 1432-2072

Keywords: Key words Nicotine ; Mecamylamine ; Tolerance ; Rat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract Chronic injections of nicotine in rats produce upregulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. It has been proposed that this upregulation is a reflection of receptor desensitization and is the basis of functional tolerance. Mecamylamine, a non-competitive antagonist that blocks activation of nicotinic receptors, does not prevent upregulation produced by nicotine injections. This suggests that receptor activation is not a prerequisite for nicotine-induced receptor upregulation. Therefore, the present experiments tested whether mecamylamine would also fail to prevent the development of tolerance to nicotine. Six daily pairings of mecamylamine (1 mg/kg SC) with nicotine did block the development of tolerance to nicotine-induced antinociception (0.35 mg/kg) and to the ability of nicotine to suppress milk intake (0.66 mg/kg). In another experiment, six daily injections of mecamylamine, when given alone, did not alter the effects of a subsequent, acute injection of nicotine (0.35 mg/kg) in inducing antinociception in rats. There was no evidence that after six pairings of mecamylamine with nicotine, the cues associated with mecamylamine delivery took on conditioned antagonistic properties. These findings suggest that, unlike the receptor upregulation that results from either continuous or repeated nicotine administration, the tolerance following a short series of intermittent nicotine injections is dependent on receptor activation.