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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulse Transit Time Feedback and Bidirectional Blood Pressure Change (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 18 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The current study examined the effects of pulse transit time feedback on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Three subjects were given feedback designed to increase or decrease transit times. Eleven-twelve one-hour training sessions were provided over a two-week period. The results showed that during increase training, significant increases in systolic pressure and heart rate were observed, while pulse transit time showed a significant decrease. Diastolic blood pressure increases were moderate and only inconsistently observed. During decrease training, diastolic pressure and heart rate declined significantly below baseline. Pulse transit time increases were consistent but lower in magnitude than observed for the opposite training condition. Moderate systolic blood pressure decreases were inconsistently observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01836.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perception of Activity in the Zygomaticus Major and Corrugator Supercilii Muscle Regions (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 27 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This study was designed to assess differences in perception of activity in the zygomaticus major (predominant during smiling) and corrugator supercilii facial muscles (predominant during frowning). Magnitude production psychophysical methods were used to relate subjective intensity to objective electromyographic activity using a psychophysical power function under four conditions: smiling, frowning, smiling concurrent with maintenance of a frown, and frowning concurrent with maintenance of a smile. High correlation coefficients for each power function for both zygomatic and corrugator activity were obtained. Differences in sensitivity evaluated by comparing the exponent for slope of the power functions showed differences across the muscles and as a function of the conditions. The exponent for frowning was greater than for smiling. Although the exponent for zygomatic activity was similar with and without frowning, significantly greater exponents were shown for corrugator activity when concurrently frowning and smiling than when only frowning. Maximal electromyographic activity was greater in the zygomaticus major muscle during smiling than in the corrugator supercilii muscle during frowning. These results provide a methodology for perception of electromyographic activity which could be a useful basis for analysis of the role of perception in regulating affect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02181.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EMG Measurement as a Function of Electrode Placement and Level of EMG (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 17 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Frontal EMG was concurrently measured using two different electrode placements for each of 12 subjects. One electrode placement was the standard placement of one electrode above each eyebrow (referred to as the horizontal placement). For the other placement, electrodes were positioned vertically above only the left eyebrow (referred to as the vertical placement). Comparisons between the measures of EMG using the two placements were assessed for three different levels of biofeedback-influenced EMG activity.The horizontal and vertical EMG measures were found to be positively correlated both for the entire group and for individual subjects. Also, the two measures of EMG were positively correlated at three different levels of EMG, i.e., high, medium, and low. Comparisons of horizontal and vertical EMG indicated that horizontal EMG was consistently higher than vertical EMG at all levels of EMG. These findings suggest that placement of EMG electrodes is a very important variable in accurately measuring the magnitude of muscular electrical activity. However, if repeated measures of EMG are used to evaluate changes in muscle tension, and electrode placement is consistent across conditions, electrode placement is of only marginal importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00150.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Feedback and Stimulus Control on Pulse Transit Time Discrimination (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 17 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The present study was designed to determine the effects of feedback on discrimination of pulse transit time (TT). Eighteen normotensive subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (I) Random Feedback Control, (II) Contingent Feedback, and (III) Feedback plus Exteroceptive Cues. For each subject an ABBA within-session design was used in which subjects compared TT to a predetermined mean approximately every 20 sec across four phases: a 10-min baseline, followed by two 10-min experimental phases, and a final 10-min baseline phase. Results for discrimination accuracy indicated superior discrimination for subjects presented exteroceptive cues and/or feedback (Groups II and III). A decrement in performance was found for both Groups II and III during the final baseline phase, with slightly better maintenance for the feedback plus exteroceptive cues subjects. Measures of EMG, respiration, HR and vasomotor activity were obtained during training and were correlated with discrimination accuracy. Results showed that none of the physiological responses were reliably correlated with discriminative performance, and probably did not function as discriminative stimuli for TT discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00179.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reliability of Various Estimates of Electromyogram Activity: Within and Between Subject Analyses (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 12 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Values obtained from six procedures for estimating electromyogram (EMG) activity from the unintegrated and average integrated signals were compared to cumulative integration values. Correlation coefficients were derived for repeated measures data used in evaluating single subject performance over time, and for subject means used in comparing group performance. The results indicated that the cumulative integration values are necessary for precise estimates of within subject changes, while all but one of the derived EMG measures were good estimates of group activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00026.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heart Rate as a Discriminative Stimulus (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 14 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Two experiments were performed to evaluate characteristics of heart activity as discriminative stimuli. In Study I two multiple baseline across subjects designs were utilized to assess the efficacy of trial and error and fading procedures in increasing the detection of heart rate activity above and below an average level. Both trial and error and fading procedures were effective in increasing discrimination accuracy. A 4.4 bpm interval around the subject's mean heart rate was employed as the discriminative stimulus in Study II. Significant stimulus control exerted by the criterion stimuli was found during both training and testing conditions. Experimental procedures were discussed for determining which sensory events in a complex stimulus dimension such as a physiological change are actually exerting stimulus control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1977.tb03365.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allocation of attentional resources during habituation to food cues (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 34 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that habituation to repeated food cues can be inhibited by allocating processing resources to nonfood cues. In two experiments, the salivary response to 10 presentations of lemon yogurt was assessed while subjects engaged in a controlled cognitive search task (demanding attentional resources), an automatic search task (needing fewer attentional resources), or no task. In Experiment 1, the controlled and automatic search tasks differed in the number of memory set items. In Experiment 2, the size of the memory sets was held constant, and individuals were provided practice to stabilize the different search strategies in the task. The automatic search and no task groups habituated to the repeated presentation of food cues in both experiments, but the controlled search group did not. These results support the hypothesis that allocation of attentional resources to external cues can influence the processing of food cues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02416.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methodological Issues and Ten-Year Outcomes for Obese Children (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 699 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18854.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF NICOTINE DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FOLLOWING MEAL CONSUMPTION (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. In two separate studies using healthy male smokers as subjects, the acute cardiovascular effects of a measured dose of nicotine (15 μg/kg) were examined in conjunction with light physical activity and following consumption of a meal, conditions typical of nicotine intake via smoking.2. Increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure attributable to nicotine were similar during rest, physical activity, and following eating, demonstrating additivity with the cardiovascular effects of activity and a caloric load. Diastolic blood pressure was less affected by nicotine.3. These results indicate that cardiovascular activity is acutely increased following nicotine (smoking) regardless of other influences on the cardiovascular system. Such effects may help explain increased risks of acute cardiac abnormalities due to smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01329.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of smoking on perception of muscle tension (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cigarettes ; Perception ; Arousal ; Heart rate ; Muscle tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that smoking may reduce affect in high-arousal situations by blocking peripheral physiological cues. The effects of smoking on perception of one type of physiological response, muscle activity, was evaluated in two studies. In study 1 male and female smokers were exposed to four conditions: high and low arousal crossed with smoking or deprivation. Results showed that smokers produce less muscle activity during high-than low-arousal stituations, and that smoking reduced sensitivity to muscle activity in females, but enhanced it in males. These perception differences were not related to arousal as assessed by heart rate, which was elevated in all high-arousal situations. When compared to nonsmokers, smokers in a deprived state generate more muscle activity during the perception task, but showed no differences in sensitivity. These results represent the initial demonstration that smoking can alter the perception of physiological processes. Study 2 was designed to determine whether the effects of smoking were specific to muscle tension or indicative of a more generalized perceptual change. Perception of muscle tension and decibel levels were compared in smoking or deprived female smokers who were in the high-arousal situation. Results for muscle-tension perception in high-arousal situations were similar to those in study 1, but smoking did not alter perception of auditory stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427433
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