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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 357 (1998), S. 336-343 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words NNK ; Elimination kinetics ; Metabolism ; Perfusion ; Lung ; Liver ; Rat ; N-oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a strong lung carcinogen in all species tested. To elicit its tumorigenic effects NNK requires metabolic activation which is supposed to take place via α-hydroxylation, whereas N-oxidation is suggested to be a detoxification pathway. The differences in the organ specific metabolism of NNK may be crucial for the organotropy in NNK-induced carcinogenesis. Therefore, metabolism of NNK was investigated in the target organ lung and in liver of Fischer 344 (F344) rats using the model of isolated perfused organs. High activity to metabolize 35 nM [5-3H]NNK was observed in both perfused organs. NNK was eliminated by liver substantially faster (clearance 6.9 ± 1.6 ml/min, half-life 14.6 ± 1.2 min) than by lung (clearance 2.1 ± 0.5 ml/min, half-life 47.9 ± 7.4 min). When the clearance is calculated for a gram of organ or for metabolically active cell forms, the risk with respect to carcinogenic mechanisms was higher in lung than in liver. The metabolism of NNK in liver yielded the two products of NNK α-hydroxylation, the 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid (keto acid) and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid (hydroxy acid). In lung, the major metabolite of NNK was 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl-N-oxide)-1-butanone (NNK-N-oxide). Substantial amounts of metabolites formed from methyl hydroxylation of NNK, which is one of the two possible pathways of α-hydroxylation, were detected in lung but not in liver perfusion. Formation of these metabolites (4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (keto alcohol), and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (diol) can give rise to pyridyloxobutylating of DNA. When isolated rat livers were perfused with 150 μM NNK, equal to a dosage which is sufficient to induce liver tumors in rat, glucuronidation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) was increased when compared to the concentration of 35 nM NNK. Nevertheless, the main part of NNK was also transformed via α-hydroxylation for this high concentration of NNK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: PACS: 33.70.Jg; 39.90.+d
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Sensitivity studies are also performed, to evaluate the minimum detectable concentration of HCl in air.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 47 (1996), S. 759-762 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Naevus spilus ; Congenitaler Pigmentzellnaevus ; Malignes Melanom ; Spitz-Tumor ; Key words Nevus spilus ; Congenital pigmented nevus ; Malignant melanoma ; Spitz-nevus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Among 946 patients with nevus spilus we observed 5 patients (3 women and 2 men) with transformations on it – 2 cases with malignant melanoma and 3 cases with spitz-nevus. Histologically the nevus spilus is a superficial variant on congenital pigmented nevus missing corial parts. Because of the risk of transformation a regular skin examination is advisable, a prophylactical excision of nevi spili as used in congenital pigmented nevi should be discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Von 946 Patienten mit 952 Naevi spili hatten 3 Frauen und 2 Männer Neubildungen auf vorbestehendem Naevus spilus – 2 Fälle mit malignem Melanom und 3 Fälle mit Spitz-Tumoren. Der Naevus spilus ist histologisch eine extrem dünne Variante des congenitalen Pigmentzellnaevus vom superfiziellen Typ ohne coriale Anteile. Wegen des möglichen Entartungsrisikos scheint eine regelmäßige hautärztliche Kontrolle empfehlenswert, eine prophylaktische Exzision der Naevi spili wie bei congenitalen Pigmentzellnaevi sollte diskutiert werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 55 (1997), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Softwood chips, partly with bark, form the main raw material source in German MDF plants. Worldwide, annual plants such as bagasse, bamboo, jute and cotton waste are being used for the manufacture of MDF. Energy used in the milling of 1 ton oven-dry fibre material is about 200␣kWh and thus a major cost factor in MDF production. Hence serious attempts are being made in processing to reduce energy consumption through biological or chemical pre-treatment methods. To-day, MDF is being glued with any of the gluing systems used in particleboard production, i.e. urea, urea-melamine and phenolic resins and polymeric diphenylmethane-4,4′- diisocyanate, the most frequently used method being glue application in the blowline. A central problem in MDF-plants is that twice the pressing time of particleboard production is required. The dense and homogeneous fibre structure as well as the variability in density and strength of MDF make it superior in further processing to particleboard and OSB as well as to solid wood. MDF profiles onto whose edges and planes lacquers can be directly applied were one of the first fields of application. Numerous other uses have since been added, e.g. three-dimensional furniture parts, floor-laminates and moulded structural parts. In comparison with other wood-based materials such as particle-board and OSB prospects for MDF for the year 2000 are considered very promising.
    Notes: Hackschnitzel aus Nadelholz, teilweise mit Rinde, bilden in Deutschland das Hauptsortiment in der Rohstoffversorgung der MDF-Fabriken. Weltweit gesehen werden heute bereits Einjahrespflanzen wie Bagasse, Bambus, Jute und Baumwollschäben zur MDF-Erzeugung eingesetzt. Der Energieaufwand bei der Zerfaserung von 1 to atro Faserstoff beträgt ca. 200 kWh und bildet damit einen bedeutenden Kostenfaktor in der MDF-Produktion. Daher wird auch bei den Aufschlußverfahren versucht, durch biologisch oder chemische Vorbehandlung den Energieverbrauch zu reduzieren. MDF wird heute mit allen zur Spanplattenherstellung verwendeten Leimsystemen verleimt: Harnstoff-, Harnstoffmelamin- und Phenolharz und polymeres Diphenylmethan-4,4′-diisocyanat Das Beleimen in der Blowline ist das am häufigsten angewandte Beleimungsverfahren. Ein zentrales Problem von MDF-Anlagen besteht in der doppelt so langen Preßzeit im Vergleich zu Spanplattenanlagen. Die dichte und homogene Faserstruktur, die Variabilität von Dichte und Festigkeit des MDF-Werkstoffs führen im Vergleich zur Spanplatte und zu OSB, aber auch zu Vollholz, zu seiner Überlegenheit in der Be- und Verarbeitung. Profiliertes MDF mit seiner direkten Lackierbarkeit auf Fläche und Kante war eines der ersten Anwendungsbereiche. Zahlreiche andere Einsatzbereiche sind im Laufe der Jahre hinzugekommen, wie beispielsweise dreidimensional gestaltete Möbelteile, Laminat-Fußböden und Nutzung im Formenbau. Im Vergleich der Holzwerkstoffe Spanplatte, MDF und OSB wird für MDF bis zum Jahr 2000 eine sehr positive Entwicklung vorausgesagt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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