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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    InGaAsP/InP 1.55-μm lasers with chemically assisted ion beam-etched facets (1996)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 527-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) involving an Ar ion beam and a halogen ambient gas (Cl2, IBr3) has been used to etch high-quality laser facets for InGaAsP/InP bulk lasers (1.55 μm). We achieved eich rates of 40.0–75.0 nm min−1 at substrate temperatures between-5 and +10°C. These low temperatures have allowed us to utilize UV-baked photoresists as well as PMMA as etch masks, facilitating very simple process development. Higher substrate temperatures (50 to 120°C) yield still higher etch rates, but at the expense of severely degraded surface morphologies. Angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was investigated for observing etched InP surfaces. A disproportioned surface has been detected after etching in the higher temperature range; low temperatures yield stoichiometric surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00943621
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the DRAIS and EURAD model simulations of air pollution in a mesoscale area (1995)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 57 (1995), S. 135-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper the results of simulations of air pollution carried out with the mesoscale model system KAMM/DRAIS are presented. They are compared with results of the European scale model EURAD which have been provided by the EURAD-Group, Cologne. With this comparison it is intended to analyse to what extent better resolution of topography and emission data used by the mesoscale model effects the model results. The simulations have been carried out for July 15, 1986, a typical summer day. The model domain contains south-west Germany and part of Alsace with a resolution of 5 km. The emissions for this resolution have been derived by a combination of the coarse EURAD emission data with the data of the TULLA experiment which are available on a much finer grid. The initial and boundary conditions for the species concentrations are determined from the results of the EURAD model. This coupling introduces the long range transport of pollutants into the mesoscale simulation. The meteorological and concentration data of the EURAD model are compared with the corresponding DRAIS model results. The mesoscale flow field is characterized by the channeling along the Upper Rhine Valley, which is not resolved in the EURAD model. The concentration distributions of both models are similar during midday, because of the strong vertical mixing. In the night and especially, in the morning and evening hours the spatial distribution is much better represented by the DRAIS model results. The better resolution of the emissions and the topography in the DRAIS model compared with the EURAD model (80 km grid size) becomes really noticeable. The difference of the ozone concentrations between cities and the, surrounding areas and between the Rhine Valley and the limiting mountains are in the order of 30 ppb as compared to a few ppb in the EURAD simulation. In the morning NO concentrations of about 200 ppb are simulated in the area between Heilbronn and Stuttgart. The EURAD model provides only about 5 ppb. Comparisons with measurements show that the DRAIS simulations are more realistic than the EURAD model results. The features mentioned are also found in an evaluation of the concentration variations in areas corresponding to a grid cell of the EURAD model. Two completely different areas are selected to demonstrate the possible range of the concentration variation. In the area around the City of Stuttgart the ozone concentration in the morning and the evening varies between zero ppb and 50 ppb, approximately. The mean value is nearly the same in both simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01044158
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Octreotide treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis and pulmonary failure (1996)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 909-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Acute pancreatitis ; Necrotizing pancreatitis ; Octreotide ; Treatment ; Systemic complications ; SIRS ; ARDS ; Circulatory shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Objective: To determine the efficiency of intravenous infusion of octreotide in the treatment of patients with severe pancreatitis and pulmonary failure. Design: Prospective, case–control study. Setting: Intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients: Treatment group: 39 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis were selected for the study. In all, pulmonary failure developed under conservative treatment and surgical intervention had been necessary because of local (abscess, necrosis) or systemic (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) complications. The outcome was prospectively followed up until death or discharge from the hospital. Control group: 54 case–control matched patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis and pulmonary failure, who had not been treated with octreotide. Intervention: Each patient in the treatment group received 100 μg intravenous octreotide three times daily for 10 days, in addition to the standard intensive care therapy. Results: The groups (octreotide group, control group) were highly comparable with regard to age (mean age: 54, 51 years), sex, severity of illness (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score: 27, 27), etiology of pancreatitis, and pretreatment at the time of admission to the intensive care unit. There was no difference in the development of renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, hemostatic, neurologic, or local complications. But the frequency of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (18 vs 40%; p〈0.05) and circulatory shock (51 vs 87%; p〈0.05) was significantly lower in the treatment group. Furthermore, mortality was 26% (10 of 39 patients) in the octreotide group and 61% (33 of 54 patients) in the control group (p〈0.01). Conclusion: The results of our case–control study showed a beneficial effect of octreotide in patients with severe necrotizing pancreatitis and pulmonary failure. Based on these data, a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study should be performed to evaluate these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340050186
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Octreotide treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis and pulmonary failure (1996)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 909-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Acute pancreatitis ; Necrotizing pancreatitis ; Octreotide ; Treatment ; Systemic complications ; SIRS ; ARDS ; Circulatory shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To determine the efficiency of intravenous infusion of octreotide in the treatment of patients with severe pancreatitis and pulmonary failure. Design Prospective, case-control study. Setting Intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients Treatment group: 39 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis were selected for the study. In all, pulmonary failure developed under conservative treatment and surgical intervention had been necessary because of local (abscess, necrosis) or systemic (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) complications. The outcome was prospectively followed up until death or discharge from the hospital. Control group: 54 case-control matched patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis and pulmonary failure, who had not been treated with octreotide. Intervention Each patient in the treatment group received 100 μg intravenous octreotide three times daily for 10 days, in addition to the standard intensive care therapy. Results The groups (octreotide group, control group) were highly comparable with regard to age (mean age: 54, 51 years), sex, severity of illness (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score: 27, 27), etiology of pancreatitis, and pretreatment at the time of admission to the intensive care unit. There was no difference in the development of renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, hemostatic, neurologic, or local complications. But the frequency of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (18 vs 40%;p〈0.05) and circulatory shock (51 vs 87%;p〈0.05) was significantly lower in the treatment group. Furthermore, mortality was 26% (10 of 39 patients) in the octreotide group and 61% (33 of 54 patients) in the control group (p〈0.01). Conclusion The results of our case-control study showed a beneficial effect of octreotide in patients with severe necrotizing pancreatitis and pulmonary failure. Based on these data, a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study should be performed to evaluate these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02044115
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of areally averaged turbulent fluxes over non-homogeneous terrain: Results from the EFEDA-field experiment (1996)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 77 (1996), S. 105-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In June 1991 the EFEDA-field experiment (ECHIVAL Field Experiment in a Desertification-Threatened Area) was carried out in the Spanish province Castilla-La Mancha, to improve the understanding of the interactions between the soil, the vegetation and the atmosphere. Here results of energy balance studies at the Barrax site are given, one of the three intensively studied experimental sites within Castilla-La Mancha. This area is characterized by a large fraction of irrigated fields (40%) while the remaining 60% was fallow land at the end of June 1991. The energy balances over these two characteristic land-use classes totally differ. While for the irrigated fields the evapotranspiration is dominant, for the non-irrigated fields the sensible and the soil heat fluxes dominate and the latent heat flux is nearly negligible. In order to achieve areally averaged turbulent fluxes, surface, SODAR and aircraft data have been used. Comparing the surface fluxes from all three facilities, it can be found that: The sensible heat flux estimation from SODAR (Σw-method) gives reliable results when a calibration of Σw is done with another independent system (e.g. aircraft). Aircraft measurements in conjunction with energy budget methods yield surface fluxes of sensible heat, which are about 20% lower than the areally averaged values calculated by the surface measurements. The areally averaged latent heat fluxes from aircraft and surface measurements agree better than the sensible heat fluxes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119574
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Soil Water Retention Curves Due to Tillage and Natural Reconsolidation (1998)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 62 (1998), S. 1228-1233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Energy Balance Components as a Function of Orography and Land Use and Comparison of Results with the Distribution of Variables Influencing Local Climate (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 62 (1999), S. 65-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary During 1992 and 1995 in the Upper Rhine valley between Karlsruhe in the north and Basel in the south 36 energy balance stations were installed to analyze the spatial and temporal behavior of the components of the energy balance. A second aim of the project ‘Regio-Klima-Projekt’ (REKLIP) was to study the dependence of climatic variables on the energy balance. Three main influences on spatial variation in energy balance components were detected: orography, precipitation and land use. Concerning the dependence of the climatic variables on the energy balance it can be stated that the mean diurnal amplitude of temperature shows a good correlation with the mean diurnal sensible heat flux, while the diurnal amplitude of the specific humidity correlates with the mean diurnal latent heat flux. Both these results are in good agreement with theoretical considerations. Consequently, areas with enhanced sensible heat flux values show higher monthly mean temperature maxima and also a greater numbers of summer days, while areas with higher latent heat flux values indicate enhanced monthly mean humidity maxima.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040050075
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the variation of the energy-balance components with orography in the Upper Rhine Valley (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 57 (1997), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Within the framework of REKLIP (Regio-Klima-Projekt) performed in the Upper Rhine Valley and the surrounding mountains 36 meteorological stations have been installed at different altitudes, in order to investigate the climatic state and the energy balance with high temporal and spatial resolutions. Here a one year data set will be investigated to look at two different characteristic features in more detail: (i) an evapotranspiration increase in the Rhine Valley between northerly stations (e.g., Karlsdorf, 510mm) and southerly stations (e.g., Sasbach, 620 mm) was found, although there is only a small difference in altitude between both stations (27 m). The increase can be related to the increase in precipitation. Nearly a constant ratio of 0.8 between evapotranspiration and precipitation is given. The higher precipitation can be related to orographic effects, because the southerly stations are situated in the luff of higher mountains (Hornisgrinde about 1100 m high) than the stations in the north (Kraichgau about 300 m high). Hence the differences in evapotranspiration in the Rhine Valley can be explained by a remote effect of the orography. (ii) the increase in the sensible and the decrease of the latent heat fluxes with the altitude at the slope of the Black Forest, although there is a strong increase in precipitation from Sasbach (880 mm) at the bottom to Hornisgrinde (1340 mm) at the crest of the Black Forest. Explanations for this behaviour can be given by theoretical consideration about the height dependence of the Bowen ratio, which is mainly influenced by the air temperature and by the ratio of the temperature gradient to the moisture gradient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867973
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