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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Analyses of spreading resistance measurements in Si samples with dopant profiles of the dopant sequence lowly doped on highly doped yield unreliable results if the dopant profiles are extremely steep or ultra-shallow. Reasons for this behavior are seen in effects of penetration of the probe tips into the Si sample and in the presence of a zone of a metallically conducting Si phase beneath the probe tip. Atomic force microscopy has been used to investigate the geometry of probe tip indents and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the geometry of the probe tip itself. Results of loading–unloading experiments by means of nanoindentation with a conventional spreading resistance probe tip as indenter enable us to estimate the depth of the metallic Si phase zone. It ranges from about the fourfold up to the sevenfold of the residual depth after unloading the probe tip. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The requirements on the radiation source, the monochromator/mirror, the diffractometer, and the crystal dispersive analyzer for an optimum instrumentation dedicated to high-resolution resonant inelastic-scattering experiments are formulated. The possibility for the application of dispersion compensation is stressed. A provisional instrumentation at the HARWI-Compton beamline is described and test measurements of the resonant inelastic-scattering cross section of Cu for incident photon energies scanning across the K threshold and for scattered photon energies near the Kα1 line are reported. By means of model calculation the important role of correct absorption correction of resonant inelastic-scattering data is emphasized. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 2446-2452 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The requirements on the radiation source, the monochromator/mirror, the diffractometer, and the crystal dispersive analyzer for an optimum instrumentation dedicated to high resolution resonant inelastic scattering experiments are formulated. The possibility for the application of dispersion compensation is stressed. A provisional instrumentation at the HARWI–Compton beamline is described and test measurements of the resonant inelastic scattering cross section of Cu for incident photon energies scanning across the K threshold and for scattered photon energies near the Kα1 line are reported. By means of model calculation the important role of correct absorption correction of resonant inelastic scattering data is emphasized. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The development of biochemical and genetic screening tests for inherited endocrine diseases has dramatically changed our approach to surgical patients with endocrine tumors. Among more than 1800 patients with endocrine tumors and a possible inherited disease operated on between 1986 and 1997, there were 6.1% to 7.3% who were found to have a familial disease associated with familial medullary thyroid cancer, (MTC), multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa (MEN-IIa), MEN-IIb, or MEN-I. Genetic testing for the RET proto-oncogene is therefore recommended for all patients with MTC, and testing for the MEN-I gene is recommended in patients with suspected MEN-I and in specific clinical subgroups with an increased probability of endocrine tumor heredity. Early treatment based on early diagnosis by genetic testing appears to improve survival and to decrease morbidity in these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. When mutations of the RET proto-oncogene were found in 1993 to account for hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), surgeons obtained the opportunity to operate on patients prophylactically (i.e., at a clinically asymptomatic stage). Whether this approach is justified, and, if so, when and to which extent surgery should be performed remained to be clarified. A questionnaire was sent to all surgical departments in Germany and Austria. All of the patients who fulfilled the following criteria were enrolled: (1) preoperatively proved RET mutation; (2) age ≤ 20 years, (3) clinically asymptomatic thyroid C cell disease; and (4) TNM classification pT0–1/pNX/pN0–1/M0. Seventy-five patients were identified, and fifteen mutations were detected in six codons. Two adolescents had unilateral pheochromocytomas as part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia II (MEN-II) syndrome. No hyperparathyroidism was noted. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy, and 57 patients went on to have lymph node dissection. Parathyroid glands were removed in 34 patients and autografted in 11. Histopathology revealed MTC in 46 patients (61%, youngest 4 years); C cell hyperplasia (CCH) only was detected in the other 29 patients. Three patients had lymph node metastases (LNMs) the youngest being age 14 years. Calcitonin levels were not useful for differentiating between CCH and MTC, but in all patients with LNMs at least the stimulated calcitonin levels were assayed. After surgery, five patients (6.7%) sustained permanent hypoparathyroidism, and one patient (1.3%) had a permanent unilateral recurrent nerve palsy. All but three patients (96%) were biochemically cured. In conclusion, prophylactic total thyroidectomy can be performed safely in experienced centers. We recommend prophylactic total thyroidectomy at age 6. Cervicocentral lymph node dissection should be included when calcitonin levels are elevated or if patients are older than 10 years. Bilateral lymph node dissection should be performed if LNMs are suspected or when patients with elevated calcitonin are older than 15 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Manuscripta mathematica 95 (1998), S. 349-362 
    ISSN: 1432-1785
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract: In this paper we consider linear differential equations with a recursion consisting of two terms. We consider these equations in positive characteristics and in characteristic zero. We will find a new proof for the Grothendieck conjecture for these equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Marchiafava-Bignami-Syndrom ; Zentrale Demyelinisierung ; Corpus callosum ; Alkoholabusus ; Transkallosale Inhibition ; Key words Marchiafava-Bignami-Syndrome ; Central demyelination ; Corpus callosum ; Alcohol abuse ; Transcallosal inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Until now, the pathogenesis of Marchiafava-Bignami disease, an extrapontine myelinolysis, is unknown. Accept an abuse of alcohol for many years additional metabolic and vascular disturbances are supposed. The early performance of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with a sudden encephalopathy and history of alcoholism is essential for an assessment of the diagnosis. The bilateral lack of transcallosal inhibition – a parameter for the integrity of the transcallosal connections between motor cortices – is the consequence of the axonal degeneration of transcallosal fibers. Clinical and neuroradiological features of three patients with extrapontine myelinolysis are reported and possible etiologies of the complex disease are discussed. In two cases a severe alcohol abuse was present with the typical picture of the Marchiafava-Bignami disease. In a third patient an intoxication with methanol was present with a similar clinical picture. Although severe neurological disturbances were initially apparent in the patients, during the follow-up there was a significant amelioration of the clinical course under a high-dose vitamin B supplementation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Pathogenese des Marchiafava-Bignami-Syndroms, einer extrapontinen Myelinolyse, ist bis heute ungeklärt. Neben einem langjährigen Alkoholmißbrauch werden zusätzliche metabolische und vaskuläre Störungen vermutet. Die frühe Durchführung einer Kernspintomographie ist bei einer plötzlich aufgetretenen Enzephalopathie vor allem bei bekannter Alkoholanamnese wegweisend für die Diagnosestellung. Das Fehlen der transkallosalen Inhibition – ein Parameter für die transkallosale Verbindung der beiden motorischen Kortizes – ist bei diesen Patienten ein wichtiges Indiz für die axonale Degeneration der transkallosalen Fasen. Es werden die klinischen und neuroradiologischen Befunde von drei Patienten mit extrapontiner Myelinolyse vorgestellt sowie mögliche Ursachen der Erkrankung diskutiert. Bei zwei unserer Patienten lag ein manifester Äthanolmißbrauch vor mit dem klassischen Bild eines Marchiafava-Bignami-Syndroms, während in einem dritten Fall eine akute Methanolintoxikation zu einem vergleichbaren klinischen Befund führte. Trotz stellenweise schwerer klinischer Störung besserte sich in allen drei Fällen die Symptomatik unter hochdosierter Vitamin-B-Gabe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 385 (1997), S. 653-656 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Genetic analysis of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans has led to the identification of over a dozen cell-death (ced) genes10'11. Two of these genes, ced-3 and ced-4, are required for cells to die: in animals carrying a mutation in either gene, all programmed cell death is blocked12. ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 124 (1999), S. 321-330 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Motor-evoked potentials ; Cortex ; Sensorimotor interaction ; Motor control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In 11 healthy subjects motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and silent periods (SPs) were measured in the right first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and abductor pollicis brevis muscles (APB): (1) when transcranial magnetic cortex stimulation (TMS) was applied at tonic isometric contraction of 20% of maximum force, (2) when TMS was applied during tactile exploration of a small object in the hand, (3) when TMS was applied during visually guided goal-directed isometric ramp and hold finger flexion movements, and (4) when at tonic isometric contraction peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) of the median nerve was delivered at various intervals between PES and TMS. Of the natural motor tasks, duration of SPs of small hand muscles was longest during tactile exploration (APB 205±42 ms; FDI 213±47 ms). SP duration at tonic isometric contraction amounted to 172±35 ms in APB and 178±31 ms in FDI, respectively. SP duration in FDI was shortest when elicited during visually guided isometric finger movements (159±15 ms). At tonic isometric contraction, SP was shortened when PES was applied at latencies –30 to +70 ms in conjunction with TMS. The latter effect was most pronounced when PES was applied 20 ms before TMS. PES-induced effects increased with increasing stimulation strength up to a saturation level which appeared at the transition to painful stimulation strengths. Both isolated stimulation of muscle afferents and of low-threshold cutaneous afferents shortened SP duration. However, PES of the contralateral median nerve had no effect on SPs. Amplitudes of MEPs did not change significantly in any condition. Inhibitory control of motor output circuitries seems to be distinctly modulated by peripheral somatosensory and visual afferent information. We conclude that somatosensory information has privileged access to inhibitory interneuronal circuits within the primary motor cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Medullary thyroid carcinoma ; RET proto-oncogene ; Presymptomatic genetic screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Medullary thyroid carcinoma occurs sporadically or as a part of the inherited cancer syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2. The MEN 2 gene has been identified as the RET proto-oncogene on chromosome 10. In MEN 2A, RET mutations are detectable in one of five cysteine codons within exons 10 and 11 and in MEN 2B in codon 918 (exon 16). Direct DNA testing for RET proto-oncogene mutations is the method of first choice in presymptomatic screening of MEN 2 families. Gene carriers should be offered prophylactic thyroidectomy. The process of DNA analysis for RET proto-oncogene mutations is demonstrated in one family with hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. RET mutations were detectable in five of the nine family members at risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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