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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 6746-6751 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ni-based under bump metallization (UBM) is of interest in low cost flip chip technology primarily due to a slower chemical reactions with high-Sn solders such as eutectic SnPb as compared to Cu-based UBM. We studied wetting behaviors and interfacial reactions of the eutectic 63Sn–37Pb on Ni foils and Ni/Ti thin films using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion x-ray analysis. Wetting angle, morphology of solder surface, and the rate of consumption of Ni have been studies as a function of reflow time at the temperatures of 200, 220, and 240 °C. From the TEM analysis, we found that Ni forms a single layer of scallop-type Ni3Sn4 compound with the eutectic SnPb. During the isothermal annealing, we observed the spalling of Ni3Sn4 compound from the Ni/Ti thin films. The spalling phenomenon is similar to that of Cu6Sn5 from the Cu/Cr thin films, yet the rate is slower. The spalling of Ni–Sn compound eventually caused dewetting of the molten solder from the Ti surface. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 1340-1347 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dynamics of Z-pinch carbon plasma has been investigated using one-dimensional Lagrangian code. This code calculates the single-fluid, two-temperature magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations coupled with an ionization balance equation. The motion of plasma column and shock front is studied in comparison with the analytical models such as the snowplow and the slug model. The energy flow during the pinch is also studied. During the pinch phase, the temperature increases due to shock heating and adiabatic heating. After the pinch the plasma is cooled down rapidly due to adiabatic expansion which can lead to an adequate condition for recombination Extreme-Ultra-Violet (XUV) lasers. The effect of the radiative trapping of resonance line on hydrodynamics and population kinetics is also investigated. The calculation shows that there can exist a high gain on hydrogen-like C VI Balmer-α line (18.2 nm). © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4298-4300 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Effects of the Cr75Ti25/CoTi bilayer on the magnetic and crystallographic properties in CoCrPt longitudinal recording media were investigated. CoCrPt(30 nm)/Cr75Ti25(X nm)/CoTi(50 nm) films were deposited on glass substrates heated at 250 °C by a dc magnetron sputtering method. Coercivity increased from 2200 to 3200 Oe by incorporating a 50 nm thick Cr75Ti25 intermediate layer between the CoCrPt magnetic layer and the CoTi underlayer. From x-ray analyses, the rather strong Co(101¯0) diffraction was developed in addition to Co(112¯0) diffraction in CoCrPt/Cr75Ti25/CoTi films, while only Co(112¯0) diffraction was observed in CoCrPt/CoTi films. Transmission electron microscopy image confirmed that the small grain size of 18 nm in both types of films. This enhancement of the coercivity can be attributed to the increase of magnetic decoupling effect through the Cr segregation at the grain boundaries of the magnetic layer. In addition, the presence of the Co(101¯0) plane, and small grain size due to the B2 structure intermetallic compound underlayer should influence the magnetic properties of CoCrPt/Cr75Ti25/CoTi films. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5003-5005 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Influence of the magnetic interactions on distribution of energy barrier and time dependent phenomena of magnetization are investigated by micromagnetic and Monte Carlo simulation. For the magnetic thin film with randomly distributed easy axes in the film plane, the shape of the density function of the energy barrier is significantly changed with the varying magnetic interactions. If the exchange or magnetostatic interaction is strong, the density function of energy barrier has a broad distribution, then magnetization decay with time shows a linear dependence on ln(t). © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5362-5364 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Structural and magnetic properties of the new Bi-doped Gd2−xBixCuO4 system are reported. With the doping of larger trivalent Bi3+ ions, the T′ phase solubility region is retained in the range of 0≤x≤0.1. Weak ferromagnetic or canted antiferromagnetic ordering temperature TN(Cu) of Cu moments decreases from 282 K for Gd2CuO4 to 258 K for Gd1.93Bi0.07CuO4 and 256 K for Gd1.9Bi0.1CuO4. Due to small internal field Hint associated with weak ferromagnetic order, the spin reorientation temperature Tsr(Cu) is field dependent and decreases from 24 K in 1 G to 12 K in 1 kG for Gd1.95Bi0.05CuO4. Preliminary powder x-ray Rietveld refinement analysis using the T′ phase ideal oxygen position indicates a large temperature factor B for the oxygen sites in the Cu–O plane and suggests that the degree of oxygen structural distortion may be closely related to the strength of weak ferromagnetic order. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5357-5357 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: CoCrTa/Cr/Al and CoCrTa/Cr thin films were deposited on glass substrate at 280 °C using dc magnetron sputtering. The coercivity of CoCrTa/Cr films increased by introducing an Al underlayer. In 500 A(ring) CoCrTa/Cr films, the coercivity increased with increasing Cr thickness and saturated above 700 A(ring) Cr thickness (Hc=1050 Oe). On the other hand, in 500 A(ring) CoCrTa/Cr/700 A(ring) Al films, the coercivity increased sharply with increasing Cr thickness and showed a maximum value at 700 A(ring) Cr thickness (Hc=1380 Oe). The coercivity squareness of the CoCrTa/Cr/Al and CoCrTa/Cr films was increased with increasing Cr thickness. The coercivity squareness of CoCrTa/Cr/Al films was lower than that of CoCrTa/Cr films. To study the origin of coercivity enhancement in CoCrTa/Cr films when deposited on an Al underlayer, microstructures of the two films were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We controlled grain sizes of CoCrTa films by changing the thickness of the Cr layer. The grain size of CoCrTa films increased with increasing Cr thickness. The coercivity of CoCrTa/Cr/Al films showed a maximum value at a grain size of 430 A(ring). These results suggest that the transition from single domain to multidomain could occur at a grain size of ∼400 A(ring). To understand the coercivity squareness changes by the introduction of an Al underlayer, the angular variation of coercivity was measured. The magnetization of CoCrTa/Cr films was reversed by domain wall motion.On the other hand, by the incorporation of an Al underlayer, the angular variation of coercivity deviated from the domain wall motion mode. Cross-sectional TEM studies of CoCrTa/Cr/Al films showed that Cr atoms in Cr layers diffused into an Al underlayer and Al atoms were detected in both Cr and CoCrTa layers, but magnetization of the magnetic layer was not decreased. The decrease in coercivity squareness of CoCrTa/Cr/Al films would be attributed to magnetic decoupling by segregation of Al atoms in grain boundaries of CoCrTa films. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 2223-2225 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Far-field intensity distribution of semiconductor microdisk lasers is experimentally measured and the emission angle is found to be much smaller than that of a planar source with the same near-field width. In fact the emission angle is determined mainly by the disk radius instead of the disk thickness. A scalar diffraction theory in the cylindrical coordinate is developed to explain such an emission-angle-narrowing phenomenon and numerical calculation based on a vectorial diffraction theory is carried out to explain the measured polarization state. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 1256-1258 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electron effective mass of InAlGaAs lattice matched to InP has been determined as a function of Al content. The electron effective mass is obtained from far-infrared optically detected cyclotron resonance (ODCR). In ODCR, the carriers are provided by optical pumping, and hence no doping is necessary. Unlike previous reports, we are able to detect the cyclotron resonance signal of a thin intrinsic epilayer at low temperature. Thus corrections of nonparabolicity are not required. In addition, from photoluminescence measurement, we determine the band-gap energy. Both the effective mass and band-gap energy show a nonlinear variation with Al composition. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 2355-2357 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Pohang Light Source (PLS) Project is now in its final year of the construction phase. The machine consists of a full energy (2 GeV) linear accelerator injector, a storage ring with a 12-period TBA structure, and 32 eventual beamlines from insertion devices and bending magnets. The commissioning of the injector linac was completed in June 1994. The overall commissioning of the PLS is expected to be completed by the end of 1994. The facility will provide high brightness, tunable radiation in a wide spectral range up to 30 keV of photon energy, and will serve national and international users starting in mid-1995. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2350-2352 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The built-in electric field and surface Fermi level in the InAlAs surface-intrinsic-n+ structures were studied by room-temperature photoreflectance. The samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy with an undoped layer thickness of 1000 A(ring). The undoped layer was subsequently etched to 800, 600, 400, and 200 A(ring). Different chemical solutions were used in the etching process and the built-in electric field is found independent of the etching process. While the surface Fermi level, in general, varies with the undoped layer thickness, there exists, for each Al concentration, a certain range of thicknesses within which the surface Fermi level is weakly pinned. From the dependence of electric field and surface Fermi level on the undoped layer thickness, we conclude that the surface states distribute over two separate regions within the energy band gap and the densities of surface states are as low as 1.02±0.05×1011 cm−2 for the distribution near the conduction band and 2.91±0.05×1011 cm−2 for the distribution near valence band. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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