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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 5349-5350 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In a recent article [K. Kishore and H. K. Shobha, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 7037 (1994)], Kishore and Shobha proposed the extension of the concept of a Kauzmann paradox to the vapor–liquid transition. We show that there is no Kauzmann paradox associated with the vapor–liquid transition. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 234 (1996), S. S142 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract • Background: Excimer laser trephination, as an alternative to mechanical trephination of the cornea in penetrating keratoplasty, is expected to reduce long-term postkeratoplasty astigmatism. Trephination with high energy densities may induce thermal epithelial alterations when metal aperture masks are used. • Methods: Ninety porcine eyes fixed in an artificial anterior chamber (20 mmHg) were trephined with a 193-nm excimer laser in order to study the effect of the temperature on the cornea and the aperture mask during and after termination of the laser exposure. Energy levels tested were in the range used in patients. A pyroelectric infrared sensor connected to a PC via an analog-digital converter was used. With a high-speed sampling routine written inC++ it was possible to monitor on line the temperature in a focus 0.8 mm in diameter. • Results: In donor trephination the maximum temperature increase of the metal mask was 11 K (donor tissue 6.1 K, repetition rate 30/s). During recipient trephination the maximum temperature increase of the mask was 9.4 K (7.5 K on the cornea). An increase in the repetition rate and a decrease in the rotation speed resulted in greater temperature increase of the exposed cornea or metal mask. • Conclusions: Online monitoring of cornea and mask surface temperatures during excimer laser trephination is possible using high-speed sampling equipment. Appropriate adjustment of repetition rate and rotation speed may reduce thermal effects, especially in donor trephination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Key words Penetrating keratoplasty • Corneal ; topography • Astigmatism • Excimer laser trephination • Fourier analysis ; Schlüsselwörter Perforierende Keratoplastik • Topographie der Hornhaut • Astigmatismus • Excimer- Laser-Trepanation • Fourier-Analyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Hintergrund: Die semiquantitative Klassifizierung der Hornhauttopographie nach perforierender Keratoplastik bietet die Möglichkeit, neben dem keratometrischen oder topographischen Astigmatismusbetrag gebündelt Information über die flächige Brechkraftentwicklung der Hornhaut zu erhalten. Ziel der Studie war, den subjektiven semiquantitativen Prozeß der Klassifizierung auf der Basis von Fourier-Koeffizienten zu objektivieren und mit der subjektiven Klassifizierung zu korrelieren. Patienten und Methode: 50 Patienten (30 mit Keratokonus, 20 mit Fuchsscher Dystrophie) unterzogen sich einer nichtmechanischen Trepanation (Excimer-Laser MEL60, Aesculap-Meditec, Jena) im Rahmen einer perforierenden Keratoplastik. Alle Eingriffe (7,5 mm Trepanationsdurchmesser bei Fuchs, 8,0 mm bei Keratokonus, doppelt fortlaufende 10–0-Nylonnaht) wurden von demselben Operateur durchgeführt, prä-, intra- sowie postoperative Behandlung waren identisch. Im postoperativen Verlauf wurde der keratometrische Netto-Astigmatismus, die automatisierte Hornhauttopographieanalyse qualitativ und quantitativ sowie die Sehschärfe und Refraktion erfaßt. Die Hornhauttopographie wurde manuell semiquantitativ und auf der Basis von Fourier-Koeffizienten klassifiziert. Ergebnisse: Nach einer Beobachtungsdauer von 24 ± 5 Monaten stabilisierte sich der keratometrische Netto-Astigmatismus bei 3,0 bzw. 2,7 Dioptrien bei Keratokonus bzw. Fuchsscher Dystrophie. Qualitativ zeigte die Hornhauttopographie eine Regularisierung im zeitlichen Verlauf im Sinne einer Tendenz hin zu höherer Orthogonalität der Doppelkeulenstruktur sowie zu geringerer Unsymmetrie der Brechkräfte in gegenüberliegenden Hemimeridianen. Die semiquantitative Klassifizierung zeigte eine statistisch sichere Übereinstimmung mit der Klassifizierung auf der Basis von Fourier-Koeffizienten, besonders bei hohem Astigmatismus und nach Fadenentfernung (p = 0,04/0,01 vor/nach Fadenentfernung). Schlußfolgerung: Nach nichtmechanischer Keratoplastik läßt sich die semiquantitative Klassifizierung der Hornhauttopographie insbesondere bei höheren Astigmatismuswerten mit hoher statistischer Sicherheit aus den Fourier-Koeffizienten ableiten. Zukünftig könnte dieses Verfahren zur Abschätzung des potentiellen Visus nach Keratoplastik beitragen.
    Notes: Background: Semiquantitative classification of corneal topography after penetrating keratoplasty has the potential for focusing information about the areal dioptric power of the cornea. The purpose of this study was to objectify the procedure of manual semiquantitative classification using a Fourier transform of corneal topography power data and to correlate both methods. Patients and methods: Fifty patients each (30 keratoconus, 20 Fuchs dystrophy) underwent nonmechanical trephination (excimer laser MEL60, Aesculap-Meditec, Jena) in penetrating keratoplasty. All procedures (7.5-mm trephination diameter in Fuchs, 8.0 mm in keratoconus, double-running 10–0 nylon suture) were done by one surgeon. Pre-, intra- and postoperative treatment were identical. At the follow-up examinations, the keratometric astigmatism, qualitative and quantitative criteria of the automatic videokeratography, visual acuity and refraction were assessed. Corneal topography was classified both manually and based on Fourier coefficients. Results: After a mean follow-up of 24 ± 5 months, keratometric net astigmatism was 3.0 and 2.7 D with keratoconus and Fuchs dystrophy. Corneal topography analysis showed a higher orthogonality of the bow-tie shape and less asymmetry between opposite hemimeridians with increasing follow-up after keratoplasty. The semiquantitative classification showed a statistically significant correlation with the classification based on Fourier coefficients, especially with higher astigmatism and after suture removal (P = 0.04/0.01 before/after suture removal). Discussion: After nonmechanical trephination, the semiquantitative classification of corneal topography can be synthetized using Fourier analysis of corneal dioptric power data. In the future, this method may be favored for prediction of potential best-corrected visual acuity after penetrating keratoplasty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hornhautendothel ; Spiegelmikroskopie ; Automatisierte Videobildanalyse ; Reliabilität ; Validität ; Key words Corneal endothelium ; Specular microscopy ; Automated video image analysis ; Reliability ; Validity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Purpose: This prospective study was designed to test the reproducibility of a new automated technique for analyzing the corneal endothelium and to assess the validity of the technique by comparing it with a standard method. Subjects and methods: We used a contact specular microscope combined with a video camera (Tomey EM-1000) and a computer (IBM compatible PC, 486DX33) with suitable software (Tomey EM-1100, version 0.94). Video images of the corneal endothelium (area: 0.312 mm2) were passed directly into the computer input by means of a frame grabber and were automatically processed. The area to be analyzed could be varied by location and size (5580 – 135,150 µm2), depending on the quality of the image. Healthy corneas of 67 volunteers (age: 30.9±8.6 years) were examined. One examiner measured cell density three times in each of 42 eyes (retest-stability); three different examiners made one measurement in each of 25 eyes (objectivity). We evaluated the cell density determined by the computer after automated analysis and assessed the corrected cell density. This second result was obtained after the examiner had corrected the processed image by drawing in cell boundaries that the computer had not recognized or erasing cell boundaries the computer had sketched in by mistake. Additionally, a photograph of the corneal endothelium (specular microscope Bio Optics LSM 2000 A) was obtained from 40 volunteers to be used for manual cell counting applying a ,,fixed-frame`` technique (validity). Results: The corrected values showed a high retest-stability (reliability coefficient r = 0.943) and a high objectivity (r = 0.904). The values obtained by the automated method (2415±214 cells/mm2) did not differ significantly from those obtained by manual cell counting (2431±228 cells /mm2) (P = 0.898). The uncorrected values (2252±190 cells/mm2) were on average 7.2±2.6% lower than the corrected ones (177±69 cells/mm2). Retest-stability (r = 0.856) and objectivity (r = 0.737) of the uncorrected values were satisfactory. The uncorrected value was significantly lower than the value of manual cell counting (P〈0.001). The size of the analyzed area (range 12,750 – 84,708 µm2; average 31,438±10,655 µm2) had no significant effect on cell density (Spearman's correlation coefficient k = –0.150, P = 0.093). Conclusion: The automated method for analyzing the corneal endothelium quickly produces valid, reproducible results in normal corneas, provided that the correction mode of the software is applied.
    Notes: Ziel dieser prospektiven Studie war die Prüfung der Reproduzierbarkeit eines automatisierten Verfahrens der Hornhautendothelanalyse und die Beurteilung seiner Validität im Vergleich zu einer Standardmethode. Personen und Methoden: Verwendet wurde ein Kontaktspiegelmikroskop mit integrierter Videokamera (Tomey EM-1000) und ein Computer (IBM kompatibler PC, 486DX33) mit zugehöriger Software (Tomey EM-1100, Version 0.94). Grundprinzip des Verfahrens ist die direkte Überführung eines Videoendothelbilds (Fläche: 0,312 mm2) in ein digitalisiertes Computerbild und dessen automatisierte Prozessierung unter Umgehung einer Filmvorlage. Die Methode wurde bei 67 Probanden mit unauffälliger Hornhaut (Alter: 30,9±8,6 Jahre) angewendet. Bei 42 Normalprobanden wurde die Zelldichte 3mal von demselben Untersucher (Retest-Stabilität), bei 25 Probanden je 1mal von 3 verschiedenen Untersuchern (Objektivität) bestimmt. Festgehalten wurden der nach Analyse des Rohbilds vom Rechner ermittelte Zelldichtewert sowie ein 2. Wert nach Korrektur des prozessierten Bilds durch den Untersucher. Zusätzlich wurde die Endothelzelldichte anhand von Photographien (Spiegelmikroskop Bio Optics LSM 2000 A) in Fixed-frame-Technik durch manuelles Auszählen ermittelt (Validität). Ergebnisse: Bezüglich der korrigierten Zelldichtewerte waren sowohl die Reteststabilität (Reliabilitätskoeffizient r = 0,943) als auch die Objektivität (r = 0,904) hoch. Die Werte der automatisierten Methode (2415±214 Zellen/mm2) und nach manuellem Auszählen (2431±228 Zellen/mm2) waren nicht signifikant verschieden (p = 0,898). Die mittlere Abweichung betrug 3,3±2,4%, wobei keine systematische Abweichung in eine Richtung vorlag. Die unkorrigierten Zelldichtewerte (2252±190 Zellen/mm2) lagen im Mittel um 7,2±2,6% unter den korrigierten. Bezüglich der unkorrigierten Werte waren die Reteststabilität (r = 0,856) und die Objektivität (r = 0,737) zufriedenstellend. Der unkorrigierte Wert war gegenüber dem durch manuelles Auszählen ermittelten Wert signifikant erniedrigt (p〈0,001). Schlußfolgerung: Das getestete Endothelanalyseverfahren liefert bei normaler Hornhaut schnell zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse, vorausgesetzt, daß vom Korrekturmodus der Software Gebrauch gemacht wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-086X
    Keywords: Catheters and catheterization, complications ; Foreign bodies, interventional procedures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An unusual case of unintentional release of an embolization coil into the proximal internal carotid artery is reported. The coil migrated and lodged distally in the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery during initial removal attempts using a regular nitinol loop snare. The coil was retrieved with the Amplatz Nitinol Microsnare system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 799-813 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: ammonium alum ; dehydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dehydration of hydrated ammonium alum is a function of physical gaseous pressure. During dehydration, two kinds of partially dehydrated amorphous alum appears. These solids differ in texture and residual water composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 1663-1677 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: alum ; ammonium alum ; amorphous solid, dehydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of the two kinds of partially dehydrated amorphous alum can be explained by the water vapour gradient which appears within the sample during dehydration and by existence of a critical water pressureP c at the reaction interface. The mechanisms of dehydration at “low” and “high” pressure are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of systems integration 8 (1998), S. 183-201 
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Keywords: Process engineering ; process modeling ; process formalisms ; task system model ; determinancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The goal of creating high-quality process systems for real-world applications leads to the need for an engineering approach to process system development. The development of process engineering as a distinct discipline can be greatly facilitated through the development of an engineering framework that supports the rigorous engineering of process systems. Reliability, cost and timeliness are key attributes of quality for engineering artifacts, independent of the specific engineering discipline. As a result, attention to these and other related issues of process system quality during process system design is viewed as necessary if order to achieve desired levels of quality in the resulting process systems. The task system model, a task-based process formalism that can serve as the basis for a process engineering framework, is described. Extensions to this model that are specifically intended to address process system reliability and parallelism are introduced. Process system reliability is addressed through the introduction of methods to ensure determinacy among concurrently executing tasks of a process system that share resources. Process system operating costs and execution timeliness are addressed by maximizing parallelism to the extent that reliability is not compromised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of systems integration 8 (1998), S. 53-82 
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Keywords: Design process ; process monitoring ; design activities ; process improvement ; activity representation ; specification pattern ; evolution pattern ; activity classification ; signature properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Quality of product is an important consideration in engineering design activity, certain levels of which can be obtained by utilizing the available resources. Traditionally, a demand for increased levels of quality in the product required the deployment of additional resources. However, it has been reported earlier that it may be possible to increase the product quality, without increasing the resources, by improving the process [1]. Therefore, fundamental effort of this study is in the direction of improving the design process in the design level by offering a feedback tool in the evaluation of the processes called Design Process Monitoring (PROMO) [2]. The purpose of this tool is to monitor the design level activities of a process. The model can be classified as descriptive, or analytical rather than prescriptive; the goal is to study and understand the nature of the design process. In contrast, prescriptive models are for describing the processes which guide the future execution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of systems integration 8 (1998), S. 83-111 
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Keywords: Process improvement ; project management ; software engineering ; software quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Process description is explored by describing software activity and resource type requirements within a task system template formalism. Task system templates are used to record process knowledge, analyze the synchronization of tasks, and specify measurement activity. Resource types are drawn from resource type models, establishing the characteristics of resources required by the process. Execution of the software activity is guided and monitored by utilizing task system templates and a finite state automaton as the model for task execution and resource availability. Process operations performed concurrently with execution are seen as a means of evolving the task system templates over time as execution of the process unfolds. The transition between process description and execution is accomplished by the allocation of resources to resource types. Beyond the allocation of singular resources, the effect of integrating activity and multiple resources defined by a composition relation is used in understanding the growing complexity of processes of greater magnitude. Process refinement during execution extends the notion of template reusability while allowing for flexibility across projects within an organization. The capability to describe, analyze, and maintain a repository of task system templates is implemented in the PROFRAME template tool. Process and task execution operations are encapsulated into the PROEXEC execution manager tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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