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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: alkaloid buffering system ; effort syndrome ; exercise ; hyperventilation ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hyperventilation (HV) occurring out of appropriate context, under some circumstances, can be potentially harmful to health. Nixon (1994) discusses convincingly the negative effects of long-term HV on the alkaloid buffering system and the potential challenge to a person's health status. Using capnography to measure respiration, percent expired CO 2 , to determine the anaerobic threshold during incremental exercise (the Effort Test), Nixon (1994) documented the onset of metabolic acidosis followed by alkalosis, secondary to the alkaloid buffering system response. Nixon (1994) hypothesized that recurring HV can lead to depletion of the alkaloid buffering system. By combining capnography, during the Effort Test, with analysis of blood gases and specific electrolytes, the effort-syndrome hypothesis was further tested in the present study. Thirteen patients with various kinds of stress-related problems were compared with four control participants. Pretest blood gases, from capillary blood, were collected after 10 minutes rest and 10 minutes of incremental exercise. Exhalation CO 2 , oxygen saturation, and traditional psychophysiological parameters were measured continuously during the experimental condition. Data from capillary blood and exhalation CO 2 are reviewed. Change in patients' alkali buffering system supports the prediction made by Nixon (1994). The complexity of the data as well as methodological procedures of this study warrant a more sophisticated design, with more clearly defined functional analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 19 (1995), S. 59-71 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Entre 1960 et 1992, un total de 1718 patients ayant des métastases d'un cancer d'origine colorectale ont été enregistrés. Quatre cent soixante-neuf patients (27.3%) ont eu une résection hépatique qui a été effectuée avec une intention curatrice chez 434 (25.3%_. La mortalité opératoire a été de 4.4%, mais seulement de 1.8% pendant ces trois dernières années (2/114). La morbidité globale a été de 16%, et de 5% pendant ces trois dernières années (5/112). A la date du 1 Novembre 1993, on avait des nouvelles de 99.8% des patients. Après exclusion des patients décédés pendant l'intervention, 350 patients ont eu une résection «potentiellement» curatrice. Parmi ceux-là, 65 étaient le siège de tumeur résiduelle soit macroscopique (n=19) soit microscopique (n=46). Parmi ces derniers, le pronostic était moins bon car la médiane et le maximum de survie a été respectivement de 14.4 et 56 mois. Parmi les 350 patients ayant une cure «potentiellement» curatrice, la survie actuarielle à 5, 10 et à 20 ans a été respectivement de 39.3%, de 23.6% et de 17.7%. La survie sans tumeur a été de 33.6% à 5 ans. En analyse univariable, les facteurs suivants ont été associés avec une diminution de survie globale: présence de métastase lymphatique mésentérique étendue (p=0.0001), tumeur primitive stade III/IV (p=0.013), métastase synchrone (p=0.014), métastases satellites (p=0.00001), diamètre de métastase〉5 cm (p=0.003), taux d'ACE élevé (p=0.03), marges de résection limitée (p=0.009), cancer extrahépatique (p=0.0009), et intervention non-anatomique (p=0.008). En ce qui concerne la survie sans tumeur, la présence de cancer extra-hépatique n'a pas atteint de signification statistique, alors que les patients avec un cancer primitif du côlon avaient un pronostic meilleur que ceux qui avaient un cancer du rectum (p=0.04). La présence de cinq métastases indépendantes ou plus influençait la résequabilité en sens inverse (p〈0.05). Une fois qu'une résection radicale de toute maladie détectable a été faite, le nombre de métastases (1–3 vs. 4 ou+) n'avait plus de valeur prédictive sur ni la survie globale (p=0.40) ni la maladie sans métastases (p=0.64). En utilisant le modèle de Cox, la présence de métastases satellites, le stade de la tumeur primitive, le moment du diagnostic de métastases, le plus grand diamètre, de métastase, l'approche anatomique ou pas, l'année de la résection et la présence d'envahissement lymphatique mésentérique ont tous été des facteurs indépendants influençant la survie globale et la survie sans tumeur.
    Abstract: Resumen En el período 1960 a 1992 registramos un total de 1.718 pacientes con metástasis hepáticas de carcinomas colorectales; 469 (27.3%) fueron sometidos a resección, la cual fue realizada con propósito curativo en 434 pacientes (25.3%). La mortalidad en este grupo fue 4.4%, siendo 1.8% (2 de 114) en los últimos 3 años. Se observó morbilidad significativa en 16% de los casos con una disminución a 5% (6 de 112) en los últimos 3 anños. Hasta noviembre 1 de 1993, se logró un 99.8% de seguimiento. Excluyendo la mortalidad operatoria, hay 350 pacientes con resección “potencialmente curativa” y 65 pacientes con enfermedad residual macroscópica mínima (n=19) o microscópica (n=46). Este último grupo demuestra el pronóstico tan pobre con una sobrevida media y máxima de 14.4 y 56 meses, respectivamente. Entre los 350 pacientes que tuvieron una resección potencialmente curativa la tasa actuarial de sobrevida a 5, 10 y 20 años fue 39.3%, 23.6% y 17.7%, respectivamente. La tasa de sobrevida libre de tumor fue de 33.6% a 5 años. En el análisis univariable, los siguientes factores aparecieron asociados con disminución de la tasa cruda de sobrevida: presencia o extensión de la invasión ganglionar mesentérica (p=0.0001), tumor primario grado III/IV (p=0.013), diagnóstico sincrónico de metástasis (p=0.014), metástasis satélites (p=0.00001), diámetro de las metástasis〉5 cm (p=0.003), elevación preoperatoria del CEA (p=0.03), márgenes limitados de resección (p=0.009), enfermedad extrahepática (p=0.009) y procedimiento no anatómico (p=0.008). Con respecto a la sobrevida libre de enfermedad, las lesiones extrahepáticas (p=0.09) demostraron no tener significancia estadística; los pacientes con tumores primarios del colon evolucionaron significativamente mejor que los pacientes con cáncer rectal (p=0.04). La presencia de 5 o más metástasis independientes afecta la resecabilidad (p〈0.05). Sin embargo, una vez lograda la resección radical de todas las metástasis, no se encontró un valor significativo de predicción según un númeo creciente de metástasis (1–3 vs ≥ 4) sobre la tasa global de sobrevida (p=0.40) o sobre la tasa de sobrevida libre de enfermedad (p=0.64). En el análisis multivariable de regresión de Cox se encontró que los siguientes factores afectan en forma independiente la tasa cruda de sobrevida y la tasa de sobrevida libre de tumor: presencia de metástasis satélites, grado del tumor primario, momento del diagnóstico de las metástasis, diámetro de la mayor de las metástasis, abordaje anatómico vs no anatómico, año en que se efectuó la resección e invasión de los ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos.
    Notes: Abstract From 1960 to 1992 a total of 1718 patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma were recorded. Of these patients, 469 (27.3%) underwent hepatic resection, which was performed with curative intent in 434 patients (25.3%). Operative mortality in this group was 4.4%, being 1.8% (2 of 114) during the last 3 years. Significant morbidity was observed in 16% of patients with a decrease to 5% (6 of 112) for the last 3 years. A 99.8% follow-up until November 1, 1993 was achieved. Excluding operative mortality, there are 350 patients with “potentially curative” resection and 65 corresponding patients with minimal macroscopic (n=19) or microscopic (n=46) residual disease. The latter group demonstrated a poor prognosis, with median and maximum survival times of 14.4 and 56.0 months, respectively. Among the 350 patients having potentially curative resection, the actuarial 5-, 10-, and 20-year survivals were 39.3%, 23.6%, and 17.7%, respectively. Tumor-free survival was 33.6% at 5 years. In the univariate analysis, the following factors were associated with decreased crude survival: presence and extent of mesenteric lymph node involvement (p=0.0001); grade III/IV primary tumor (p=0.013); synchronous diagnosis of metastases (p=0.014); satellite metastases (p=0.00001); metastasis diameter of〉5 cm (p=0.003); preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) elevation (p=0.03); limited resection margins (p=0.009); extrahepatic disease (p=0.009); and nonanatomic procedures (p=0.008). With respect to disease-free survival, extrahepatic disease (p=0.09) failed to achieve statistical significance, whereas patients with primary tumors in the colon did significantly better than those with rectal cancer (p=0.04). The presence of five or more independent metastases adversely affected resectability (p〈0.05). However, once a radical excision of all detectable disease was achieved, no significant predictive value of an increasing number of metastases (1–3 versus≥4) on either overall (p=0.40) or disease-free (p=0.64) survival was found. Using Cox's multivariate regression analysis, the presence of satellite metastases, primary tumor grade, the time of metastasis diagnosis diameter of the largest metastasis, anatomic versus nnanatomic approach, year of resection, and mesenteric lymph node involvement each independently affected both crude and tumor-free survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Gastric carcinoma ; High-dose 5-FU ; Leucovorin ; Doxorubicin ; Cisplatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of recent clinical data suggesting that high-dose continuous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is able to overcome resistance to 5-FU bolus application in gastric carcinoma, a phase II study was performed to evaluate the activity and toxicity of weekly high-dose 5-FU and leucovorin plus biweekly alternating doxorubicin and cisplatin as the first-line treatment in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Between October 1995 and September 1997, 24 consecutive patients with locally advanced (n = 4) or metastatic (n = 20) gastric carcinomas were treated with a combination of 500 mg/m2 leucovorin as a 2-h infusion, followed by 2.0 g/m2 5-FU as a 24-h continuous infusion once weekly for 6 weeks, plus 20 mg/m2 doxorubicin as a bolus application and 50 mg/m2 cisplatin as a 1-h infusion, week 1, 3 and 5 (FLAP regimen). Response, toxicity and survival data were evaluated. A total of 20 patients were evaluable for response and 24 for toxicity. Objective responses were observed in 11 patients (55%) with no complete remission. Four patients (20%) showed stabilization and 5 patients (25%) experienced progressive disease. The median time to disease progression was 8 months and the overall duration of survival was 14 months. Myelosuppression was significant. In 2 patients, grade 4 WHO thrombocytopenia and leukopenia/anaemia respectively were registered, but there were no treatment-related deaths. We conclude that the weekly alternating FLAP regimen is effective in advanced gastric carcinoma with tolerable toxicity. However, significant myelotoxicity and frequent hospitalization suggest that FLAP should not be preferred to other regimens used in metastatic disease. Currently we intend to establish this regimen in the neoadjuvant setting in patients with primary unresectable localized gastric carcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bisphosphonates ; Bone mineral density ; Calcium ; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ; Osteopenia ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this open, prospective, controlled, randomized trial was to study the effect of intermittent, cyclic etidronate on the bone mass of osteoporotic postmenopausal women with or without fractures. Eligible subjects were asymptomatic women less than 75 years old who had been amenorrhoeic for at least 1 year. Those with secondary osteoporosis were excluded. Subjects also had to be ambulant with a bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine 〉1 SD below that of age matched controls (Z-score 〈 −1 SD). Eighty patients were enrolled, of whom 65 were recruited through a screening programme conducted in the practices of two general practitioners. The remaining patients were from other referrals. The subjects were randomized to two groups of 40 women. Treatment regimens were as follows. The etidronate group was treated with etidronate 400 mg once daily for 14 days followed by 76 days of 500 mg of elementary calcium once daily; this cycle was repeated every 3 months. The calcium group took 500 mg of elementary calcium once daily. The groups were not different in age, height, weight, time since menopause, BMD at baseline and prevalent vertebral fractures. In 50 patients (28 in the etidronate group and 22 in the calcium group) no vertebral fractures were present (67%). Sixty-four patients (35 in the etidronate group and 29 in the calcium group) completed the 3 years of the study. In the etidronate group the mean BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle increased by 5.7%, 1.4%, 7.1% and 10.9% from baseline values respectively (p〈0.05 at all sites except for the femoral neck). In the calcium group no significant changes from baseline were found at any time point at any site after 3 years, except for the femoral neck, where BMD at 156 weeks decreased significantly by 3% (p〈0.003). In 3 patients, all in the calcium group, six new fractures were found. There were no serious adverse effects. We conclude that intermittent, cyclic treatment with etidronate causes a significant increase in the BMD of the lumbar spine and the proximal femur in osteopenic postmenopausal women, and that treatment is safe and has no serious adverse effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 25 (1999), S. 162-165 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To evaluate the advantages of a new three-lumen tube (Trelumina) and a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (EntriStar) with a jejunal insertion tube (PEGJ) as a safe method of early enteral nutrition and simultaneous gastric decompression as well as fast reduction of the high gastric reflux in critical care patients. Design: Retrospective, descriptive case series. Setting: Two anaesthesiological and one surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital. Patients: Sixty-five consecutive critically ill patients with gastrojejunal dissociation. The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score (APACHE II) was 19. Interventions: Placement of 46 Trelumina and 19 PEGJ under endoscopic control. Measurements and main results: None of the known percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) complications like wound infection, bleeding or organ perforation were seen. One secondary dislocation of the jejunal insertion tube and four dislocations of the jejunal part of the Trelumina were found. The average gastric reflux of the Trelumina and the PEGJ amounted to 1700 ± 230 ml/day. Forty-three patients showed a clear decrease in the gastric reflux to 450 ± 200 ml/day within the first 24 h of tube placement. The average time of reduction to normal gastric reflux volumes (0–200 ml/day) amounted to 4 ± 2 days. Forty-three (71 %) of the patients showed improved intestinal passage as expressed by regular peristalsis and defaecation. The price for 1 day enteral feeding via Trelumina or PEGJ was 10 times lower than 1 day total parenteral nutrition. Conclusions: Placement of the Trelumina and the PEGJ is a safe, successful and inexpensive means of early enteral nutrition and simultaneous gastric reflux reduction in critical care patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1157
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Ikaite crystals (CaCO3×6H2O) have been found at 232- to 238-cm sediment depth in R/V Polarstern core PS2460-4 from the Laptev Sea continental margin in a water depth of 204 m. δ13C values of this phase average −36.3±0.4‰ PDB (N=2), which is significantly outside the range of normal marine carbonates. The CO2 involved in the precipitation of the ikaite is most probably derived from methane, which has extremely depleted 13C isotope values. Two possible sources of methane in these sediments are: (1) methanogenesis (decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions); and (2) gas hydrates, which are known to occur in the Siberian shelf regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: HL-60 cells ; differentiation ; cGMP-dependent protein kinase ; nitric oxide ; cGMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We previously described the isolation of a variant subline of HL-60 cells that does not differentiate in response to nitric oxide (NO)-generating agents or to cGMP analogs [7]. The variant cells have normal guanylate cyclase activity and normal NO-induced increases in the intracellular cGMP concentration. We now show that the variant cells have normal cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase) activity, both by an in vitro and in vivo assay, and using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis we have identified six G-kinase substrates in the parental cells. Of these six proteins, we found considerably less phosphorylation of one of the proteins in the variant cells than in parental cells, both in vitro and in intact cells, and by 35S-methionine/35S-cysteine incorporation we found much less of this protein in the variant cells than in parental cells. The protein is a shared substrate of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase); since cAMP analogs still induce differentiation of the variant cells, it appears that the NO/cGMP/G-kinase and cAMP/A-kinase signal transduction pathways share some but not all of the same target proteins in inducing differentiation of HL-60 cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 185 (1998), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: stathmin ; p19 ; p18 ; A-kinase ; phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate cyclic-adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP)-dependent phosphorylation in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells and to identify either direct substrates of cAMP-dependent kinase or downstream effectors of cAMP dependent phosphorylation with a potential function in growth and differentiation. MEL-cells rendered deficient in cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) activity by stable transfection with DNA encoding for either a mutant regulatory subunit or a specific peptide inhibitor of A-Kinase (PKI) are unable to differentiate normally in response to chemical inducers. We have identified by 2-D Western blotting 2 phosphorylated forms of p19, a highly conserved 18-19 kDa cytosolic protein that is frequently upregulated in transformed cells and undergoes phosphorylation in mammalian cells upon activation of several signal transduction pathways. The phosphorylation of the more acidic phosphorylated form is increased in a cAMP-dependent fashion and impaired in cells deficient in cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase). Treatment of MEL-cells with the chemical inducer of differentiation hexamethylene-bisacetamide (HMBA) led to dephosphoryation of this phosphoform. Our data are compatible with previous observations which imply that phosphorylation of Ser 38 in p19 by p34cdc2-kinase leads to a more basic phosphoform and simultaneous phosphorylation by mitogen-activated kinase of Ser 25 in response to protein kinase C and the cAMP- dependent kinase creates the more acidic species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Keywords: There are no keywords
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Peripheral blood flow can be regulated by specialized vessel segments, the arteriovenous anastomoses. Their wall consists of a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle cells and so-called epithelioid cells. The epithelioid cell is a specialized myogenic cell phenotype expressing nitric oxide synthase. We studied the innervation of the different segments of arteriovenous anastomoses in the rabbit ear using antisera against neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, as well as neuron-specific enolase, calbindin D and neurotubulin. The participation was especially examined of neuropeptidergic innervation and a possible morphological connection to the occurrence of epithelioid cells and a paracrine function. The NADPH diaphorase reaction and α-smooth muscle actin immunoelectron microscopy served to distinguish epithelioid cells from smooth muscle cells. Using conventional fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found the most dense innervation pattern of pan-neuronal markers (neurotubulin, neuron-specific enolase), tyrosine hydroxylase-immunor eactive nerve fibres and neuro-peptidergic nerve fibres (neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P) around the intermediate segment in arteriovenous anastomoses, whereas the venous segment was barely marked. Single nerve fibres penetrated into the medial layer and reached the epithelioid cells. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we found intercellular contacts between epithelioid cells, but not the gap junction protein connexin 43. Here, we report for the first time a correlation of the innervation pattern with epithelioid cell type in arteriovenous anastomoses. Our findings suggest that epithelioid cells of the arteriovenous anastomoses are controlled by a dense network of neuropeptidergic nerve fibres in functional connection to their paracrine role as a nitric oxide producer. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal for education law and policy 2 (1998), S. 155-163 
    ISSN: 1573-1715
    Keywords: European dimension ; follow-up procedures ; higher education ; quality assessment ; quality assurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education , Law
    Notes: Abstract The authors report on West European trends in follow-up arrangements of national quality assurance procedures. They argue that external quality assurance ought to adopt a broader conception of quality than is now often the case. Next, the general public ought to have a guarantee that external quality assurance is valid (through meta-evaluation) and has consequences (through follow-up arrangements). Follow-up currently is not well developed in many European countries in a formal sense, but is receiving more attention as external quality assurance is maturing. Finally, the authors link national quality assurance to the European dimension; an international network could fulfil important functions in making quality assurance transparent and credible across Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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