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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of selection and assessment 4 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The study examined (1) the public's reactions to the philosophical justifications for merit vs. preferential selection, and (2) the effect of information frame (i.e. ‘merit’, ‘preferential’and ‘diversity’frames) and informant gender on people's views on preferential selection. Results show that in general the public supported merit selection and opposed the preferential practice and that their reactions to the justifications for a selection practice determined the level of support for (or opposition to) that practice. In addition, people's support for merit selection was weakened under the preferential-frame-female-informant condition; their opposition to preferential selection was also reduced when a male informant advocated the advantages of the preferential practice by using the term diversity-based selection instead of preferential selection. Results were discussed in the context of the social influence literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective and potent α2-adrenergic agonist, has a potentially useful role as a sedative agent in patients requiring intensive care. As part of a larger European multicentre trial, a total of 119 postoperative cardiac and general surgical patients requiring ventilation and sedation in an intensive care unit were enrolled in four centres in the United Kingdom. One hundred and five patients were randomly allocated to receive either dexmedetomidine or placebo with rescue sedation and analgesia provided by midazolam and morphine, respectively. Compared with the control group, intubated patients receiving dexmedetomidine required 80% less midazolam [mean 4.9 (5.8) μg.kg−1.h−1 vs. 23.7 (27.5) μg.kg−1.h−1, p 〈 0.0001], and 50% less morphine [11.2 (13.4) μg.kg−1.h−1 vs. 21.5 (19.4) μg.kg−1.h−1,p = 0.0006]. Cardiovascular effects and adverse events could be predicted from the known properties of alpha-2 agonists. In conclusion, dexmedetomidine is a useful agent for the provision of postoperative analgesia and sedation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter M. Parkinson ; Ökonomie ; Krankheitskosten ; Motorische Komplikationen ; Key words Parkinson’s disease ; Cost of illness ; Motor fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Parkinson’s disease (PD) causes significant expense for the national health care system due to its chronic progressive course, the duration of the disease, the high prevalence and the devastating prognosis. In Germany more than DM 320 million are spent for drugs to alleviate parkinsonian symptoms. The aim of this study was to calculate the economic burden of PD by assessing direct medical costs. Forty patients suffering from idiopathic PD were interviewed at an office of neurological specialists and at an outpatient movement disorder clinic about their use of health care resources 3 months prior to the study. The total annual costs reported were DM 14,500, consisting of DM 6500 for drug therapy and DM 8000 for other medical services, including hospital inpatient care (DM 5600), outpatient care (DM 700), medical sundries (DM 1100) and physiotherapy (DM 600). The costs were positively correlated to the extent of the disease (Hoehn and Yahr stage; HY) and the occurrence of motor fluctuations/dyskinesias.We found that both drug-therapy expenses and total medical costs doubled from HYI to HYIV. The rarely employed s.c. therapy with apomorphine additionally increased the costs of drug therapy in HYV. The occurrence of fluctuations/ dyskinesias also increased medical expenses by approximately a factor of two. Indirect burden due to increased days off of work, unemployment and earlier retirement are also significant in Parkinson’s disease. This study oncludes that a treatment which could prevent or retard disease progression as well as a treatment that delays or reduces motor complications would not only ameliorate the situation of patients suffering from PD, but would also lead to significant reductions in cost for the national health care system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Parkinson-Erkrankung verursacht beträchtliche Ausgaben für das Gesundheits- und Sozialwesen. Allein in Deutschland werden Arzneimittel mit einem Volumen von ca. DM 320 Mio. für die Behandlung der Parkinson-Erkrankung verschrieben. Ziel dieser Studie mit 40 Patienten mit der Diagnose eines M. Parkinson aus Praxen niedergelassener Neurologen und einer Spezialambulanz für Bewegungsstörungen war es, die Krankheitskosten anhand eines Patientenkolletivs zu berechnen. Die direkten medizinischen Ausgaben wurden anhand retrospektiver Daten, die mittels eines Fragebogens erhoben wurden, für 3 Monate vor Studieneinschluß berechnet. Die direkten medizinischen Kosten der Erkrankung beliefen sich insgesamt auf DM 14500 pro Jahr (DM 6500 für Medikamente, DM 8000 für Leistungen, wie Krankenhausaufenthalt (DM 5600), ärztliche Leistungen (DM 700), Hilfsmittel (DM 1100) und Krankengymnastik (DM 600)). Die medikamentösen sowie die nichtmedikamentösen Kosten zeigten eine direkte Abhängigkeit vom Krankheitsstadium nach Hoehn und Yahr (HY). Die Kosten für Medikamente verdoppelten sich vom HY-Stadium I zum Hoehn-und-Yahr-Stadium IV. Insbesondere die Therapie mit Apomorphin führte in den späten Krankheitsstadien (HY V) zu einer erheblichen Verteuerung der medikamentösen Kosten. Das Auftreten von Fluktuationen und Dyskinesien hatte ebenfalls eine deutliche Zunahme der Ausgaben zur Folge; hier war die Behandlung um den Faktor 2 teurer als bei Patienten ohne Fluktuationen. Indirekte Kosten durch Arbeitsausfall und Frühverrentung sind als weitere wichtige Kostenfaktoren beim M. Parkinson anzusehen. Der Einhalt bzw. die Verlangsamung der Progression der Erkrankung oder die Verzögerung von motorischen Komplikationen würden nicht nur eine deutliche Verbesserung für die Behandlung von Parkinson-Patienten zur Folge haben, sondern wären auch von signifikanter ökonomischer Relevanz für die Gesellschaft und das Gesundheitssystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 29 (1995), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oil spill dispersants contain one or more surface-active agents. The surfactant properties that allow dispersants to work are nonspecific and can also affect the lipid-bilayer membranes of living cells. One important parameter used to characterize the physical behavior of surfactants is the concentration at which dissolved surfactant monomers begin to aggregate—the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC can be toxicologically relevant because toxic effects are generally linked to monomers rather than micelles. The CMCs of four different oil dispersants (Corexit® 9527, Corexit® 7664, Nokomis® 3, and Slik-A-Way®) in seawater were measured using surface tension as the indicative metric. From these data, predicted surface tensions were calculated for NOEC and median-effect concentration estimates obtained with the same dispersants for the early life stages of four marine species. In three of the four agents, toxicity to all four species occurred below the CMC; however, in the fourth, toxicity to three of the species occurred well above the CMC. No biologically significant relationship between surface tension and toxicity was noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The acute effects of both untreated and dispersant-treated Prudhoe Bay crude oil on the early life-stages of three marine species were investigated. Identification of which water-accommodated fraction (undispersed or chemically dispersed) was considered “more toxic” was dependent on species, time, and endpoint (and by inference, test protocol). Generally, the data showed that at roughly equivalent hydrocarbon concentrations untreated oil solutions resulted in higher initial effects (〈 1 h) in mysid and topsmelt tests, whereas dispersed oil solutions elicited higher levels of larval abnormality in abalone tests and higher levels of mortality in mysid tests. While differences in test protocols existed among the species tested, topsmelt were the most sensitive species to untreated oil solutions, with mysids being most sensitive to dispersed oil solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Bladder epithelium ; Oxygen tension ; Tissue oxygenation ; Regional organ perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Objective: To assess whether monitoring of bladder epithelial oxygen tension (BEOT) would provide an indication of regional (renal) organ perfusion in an exsanguination/fluid repletion animal model. Design: Prospective non-randomized laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Interventions: Eight anaesthetised, spontaneously breathing Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing approximately 200 g were instrumented. They received 1-ml aliquots of fluid until no further haemodynamic improvement was seen, followed by removal of 1-ml aliquots of blood until renal blood flow fell by 50%. The animal was then resuscitated with repeated 1 to 2-ml aliquots of fluid until no further improvement was achieved and, finally, progressively exsanguinated to cardiovascular collapse. Measurements and results: A continuous Clark-type oxygen electrode lying in contact with the inside wall of the bladder measured changes in BEOT during these exsanguination and fluid repletion manoeuvres. Changes in BEOT closely mirrored both systemic (blood pressure and aortic blood flow) and regional (renal blood flow) haemodynamic changes. A direct correlation existed between percentage change in BEOT and base deficit, and an indirect correlation was seen with arterial oxygen tension. Conclusions: Measurement of BEOT may be a useful and relatively non-invasive means of monitoring regional organ perfusion. Further studies are warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 24 (1998), S. 1209-1216 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Tissue oxygen ; NADH ; Hypoxic hypoxia ; Hypoxaemia ; Haemodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess cardiorespiratory, tissue oxygen and hepatic nicotine adenine dinucleotide hydride (NADH) responses to graded hypoxia. Design: Prospective, controlled, randomized study. Setting: University laboratory. Animals and interventions: 18 anaesthetised Sprague-Dawley rats spontaneously breathing either 21 % (controls), 12.5 % or 10 % inspired oxygen concentrations (6 rats per group). Measurements and results: All animals in the 21 and 12.5 % O2 groups survived the 3-h study period, compared to only 1 in the 10 % O2 group. In this latter group, mean arterial pressure and renal blood flow fell immediately with hypoxaemia, whereas aortic blood flow was maintained until the preterminal stages. Critical cellular hypoxia was suggested by an increasingly severe base deficit, an initial rise then a preterminal fall in hepatic NADH intensity and premature death in all but 1 animal. Hepatic NADH fluorescence intensity was unchanged in control animals but showed a progressive rise in the 12.5 % O2 group, accompanied by a small though static increase in arterial base deficit. No significant differences were seen in arterial and tissue partial pressure of oxygen between the 12.5 and 10 % O2 groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrates major differences in cardiorespiratory, hepatic NADH and outcome responses to small variations in the degree of hypoxic hypoxia. The fall in NADH fluorescence intensity presages impending death and is likely to reflect failure of cellular metabolic processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Bladder epithelium ; Oxygen tension ; Tissue oxygenation ; Regional organ perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To assess whether monitoring of bladder epithelial oxygen tension (BEOT) would provide an indication of regional (renal) organ perfusion in an exsanguination fluid repletion animal model. Design Prospective non-randomized laboratory study. Setting Research laboratory. Interventions Eight anaesthetised, spontaneously breathing Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing approximately 200 g were instrumented. They received 1-ml aliquots of fluid until no further haemodynamic improvement was seen, followed by removal of 1-ml aliquots of blood until renal blood flow fell by 50%. The animal was then resuscitated with repeated 1 to 2-ml aliquots of fluid until no further improvement was achieved and, finally, progressively exsanguinated to cardiovascular collapse. Measurements and results A continuous Clark-type oxygen electrode lying in contact with the inside wall of the bladder measured changes in BEOT during these exsanguination and fluid repletion manoeuvres. Changes in BEOT closely mirrored both systemic (blood pressure and aortic blood flow) and regional (renal blood flow) haemodynamic changes. A direct correlation existed between percentage change in BEOT and base deficit, and an indirect correlation was seen with arterial oxygen tension. Conclusions Measurement of BEOT may be a useful and relatively non-invasive means of monitoring regional organ perfusion. Further studies are warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Haemofiltration ; Polyacrylonitrile ; Intensive care ; Contact system ; Intrinsic coagulation pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate whether continuous venovenous haemofiltration using polyacrylonitrile filters causes activation of the contact system and intrinsic coagulation pathways and if this, and/or low plasma levels of endogenous anticoagulants, influences filter lifespan. Design: Observational study. Setting: University Teaching Hospital Intensive Care Unit. Patients: Twelve critically ill patients with acute renal failure receiving continuous venovenous haemofiltration. Interventions: Blood samples were taken before starting haemofiltration, at 15 min, 1 h, 3–4 h, 8–12 h, 24 h and at 24-h intervals thereafter until filter blockage occurred. Measurement was made of the contact and intrinsic coagulation system proteins factor XII, activated factor XII and prekallikrein and the protease inhibitors antithrombin III, heparin co-factor II, alpha2-macroglobulin and C1-esterase inhibitor. Thrombin-antithrombin complex levels were measured to provide evidence of thrombin generation. Results: (i) Factor XII, prekallikrein and contact system inhibitors were subnormal in 10/12 and activated factor XII raised in 11/12 patients at baseline, implying pre-existing contact pathway activation. (ii) No change occurred during haemofiltration in the intrinsic coagulation pathway factor or inhibitor levels. (iii) Clotting of the filter circuit within the first 24 h occurred in 5/12 and was associated with low baseline levels of antithrombin III and heparin co-factor II. Only in these patients did thrombin-antithrombin complex levels rise significantly. Conclusions: The contact system was not activated further by continuous venovenous haemofiltration using polyacrylonitrile filters in critically ill patients. Premature clotting of the haemofilter circuit was more common in patients with very low levels of antithrombin III and heparin co-factor II; although this was related to thrombin generation, the intrinsic coagulation pathway does not appear to be implicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 24 (1998), S. 1264-1271 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Haemofiltration ; Endothelial injury ; Coagulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To examine the effect of a single episode of continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH) on indicators of endothelial injury and the protein C/S system in critically ill patients. Design: Observational study. Setting: University teaching hospital intensive care unit. Patients: 12 critically ill patients with acute renal failure receiving their first episode of CVVH. Interventions: Blood samples were collected prior to starting CVVH and at 15 min and 1, 3–4, 8–12, and 24 h, and at 24-h intervals thereafter until the filter clotted. Measurements and results: Soluble tissue factor, soluble thrombomodulin, E-selectin and endothelin-1 were measured as indicators of endothelial injury. Changes in the protein C/S system were assessed by measurement of protein C (PC) and both free and total protein S (PS). Levels of PC and both free and total PS were subnormal in 6 and 11 patients, respectively, prior to CVVH, but there were no further changes during CVVH. Levels of tissue factor, thrombomodulin, E-selectin, and endothelin-1 were raised prior to haemofiltration in 9, 10, 9 and 9 patients, respectively. There were further increases during CVVH in at least one, but not all, of the markers of endothelial injury in most patients. There was no consistency between the changes in different markers of endothelial injury during haemofiltration in individual patients. Conclusions: The PC/PS system and endothelial integrity is compromised in critically ill patients prior to haemofiltration, but a single episode of CVVH has little effect on the PC/PS system. The increase in markers of endothelial dysfunction seen during CVVH is more likely to be related to the underlying condition of the patient rather than any specific consequence arising from the technique itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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