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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 1207-1207 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 83 (1985), S. 2942-2946 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron attachment to CO2 clusters formed by nozzle expansion was investigated in a crossed molecular-beam–electron-impact–mass spectrometer system. In addition to cluster ions previously observed at 3–4 eV electron energy we observe presently cluster ions produced at around zero electron energy. Some of these ions are likely produced by a less dissociative production mechanism allowing the probing of cluster beams with better reliability than previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 83 (1985), S. 5712-5720 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron impact ionization of carbon tetrafluoride was studied as a function of electron energy from threshold up to 180 eV. A double focusing mass spectrometer system with an improved electron impact ion source was used, alleviating the problems of ion extraction from the source and the transmission of the extracted ions through the mass spectrometer system. Absolute partial ionization cross section functions for the production of CF+3, CF+2, CF+, C+, F+, CF2+3, and CF2+2 in CF4 have been determined. In addition, the total (and the counting) ionization cross section function of CF4 has been determined (summation method) and is compared with calculations based on classical and semiclassical binary encounter approximations. Using nth root extrapolation ionization energies of the following doubly charged fragment ions have been derived: AE (CF2+3) =41.8±0.3 eV, AE (CF2+2) =42.9±0.3 eV, and AE (CF2+)=52.1±0.5 eV. In accordance with previous results no stable CF+4 parent ion has been detected, however, a metastable dissociation process CF+@B|4→ CF+3+F has been observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 27 (1992), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Frage, wie man die Anzahl senkrechter Rohre in Dampfverflüssigern bei kleinster Kühlfläche ermitteln kann. Hierbei wird angenommen, daß gesättigter Dampf an den Rohren bei laminarer Kondensatströmung ohne Schubspannung an der Phasengrenze verflüssigt wird, während Kühlfluid in Rohren turbulent strömt. Ausgehend von einer Beziehung für den Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten wird eine Gleichung zur Ermittlung der Rohranzahl bei der minimalen Kühlfläche des Apparates hergeleitet und durch einige Beispiele veranschaulicht. Um zu zeigen, wie sich die physikalischen Eigenschaften des zu verflüssigenden Stoffes auf die Rohranzahl auswirken, wurden in den Berechnungen Isopropanol und Wasser gewählt, deren Stoffwerte zum Teil erheblich voneinander abweichen. Die hergeleitete Gleichung für die Rohranzahl liefert bei der Verflüssigung von Stoffen mit einem schlechten Wärmeübergang Werte, die in der Praxis eingehalten werden können. Hingegen ergibt sich bei Stoffen mit einem guten kondensatseitigen Wärmeübergang zu geringe Rohranzahl und damit zu hohe Geschwindigkeit des Kühlfluids. Falls ein bestimmter Wert dieser Geschwindigkeit nicht überschritten werden soll, muß man mehr Rohre wählen, weshalb man sich von der minimalen Apparatfläche entfernt. In diesem Fall kann die hergeleitete Gleichung als ein Maß für den Abstand vom Optimum dienen.
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with an evaluation of the number of vertical tubes in vapor condensers of minimum cooling surface. The pure vapor condensing outside the tubes is assumed to be saturated and the condensate in laminar flow regime without vapor shear stress at the interface, whereas the cooling fluid flows turbulently inside the tubes. Starting from a relation for the over-all heat transfer coefficient, an equation is derived for the number of tubes which gives the minimal cooling surface. The quantitative results expected from this equation are discussed in some examples. In order to demonstrate the influence of the heat transfer of condensing substance on the number of tubes, saturated vapor of pure isopropanol and pure water have been used in the calculations, because their physical properties are very different. It is shown that for substances with a low condensation heat transfer as for example isopropanol, the derived equation yields values acceptable for practical purposes. On the contrary, for substances with a high condensation heat transfer, the equation leads to a too small number of tubes, and consequently, a too high velocity of the cooling fluid. If a certain value of this velocity should not be exceeded, the number of tubes must be increased. In such a case the derived equation can still serve as a measure for the deviation of the actual from the minimum cooling surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 20 (1986), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Berechnung des Impulstransports in einer abwärts gerichteten, turbulenten Zweiphasenströmung, bestehend aus einer Gasphase und einem Flüssigkeitsfilm (Kern/Film-Strömung) mit welliger Phasengrenzfläche, wird ein Mehrfluidmodell eingeführt. Das Strömungsfeld wird in einen Grundfilm-, einen Wellen- und einen Kernbereich eingeteilt. Die Phasenverteilung im Strömungsfeld wird durch die unvollständige Gamma-Funktion dargestellt, die Reibung zwischen den Phasen durch einen Reibungsbeiwert, welcher von einem dimensionslosen Druckgradienten abhängig ist. Durch Lösung des Gleichungssystems ergibt sich der Druckabfall der Kern/Film-Strömung als Funktion der Reynolds-Zahl des Films und des Kerns. Der berechnete Druckabfall stimmt mit dem aus empirischen Korrelationen gut überein.
    Notes: Abstract A multifluid-model is introduced for the momentum transport of a downwards directed turbulent two-phase-flow consisting of a gaseous core and a liquid film (core-film-flow) with wavy interface. The flow field is subdivided into a basic film region, a wavy region and the gaseous core. The phase distribution is represented by the incomplete Gamma-function, and the friction between the phases is given by a friction factor depending on a dimensionsless pressure gradient. From the solution of the governing equations the pressure drop of the core-film-flow is obtained as a function of the liquid- and the core-Reynolds-number. The calculated pressure drop is in good agreement with that obtained from empirical correlations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 27 (1992), S. 201-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit dem Wärmeübergang von einer waagrechten Heizfläche an wäßrige NaOH-Lösungen, um zu klären, ob der Wärmeübergang bei einphasiger freier Konvektion und beim Blasensieden durch an der Heizfläche elektrolytisch erzeugte Gasblasen verbessert werden kann. Hierzu wurden Messungen zwischen 60°C und Siedetemperatur bei Umgebungsdruck ausgeführt, wobei sich die Wärmestromdichte von 4,78·104 W/m2 bis 2,10·105 W/m2 und die elektrische Stromdichte von 0 bis 2100 A/m2 erstreckten. Um Stoffwerte des Wassers durch Zugabe von NaOH nicht wesentlich zu beeinflußen, wurde die Lösungskonzentration bis höchstens 0,25 mol/l entsprechend 10 g/l variiert. Die Messungen ergaben eine Verbesserung des Wärmeübergangs durch elektrolytisch erzeugte Gasblasen im Vergleich zu dem ohne elektrolytische Blasenbildung bis zum Faktor 6. Die Verbesserung nimmt mit steigender Lösungstemperatur und steigender elektrischer Stromdichte zu. Eine höhere Wärmestromdichte führt zwar zu einer Zunahme des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten α. Gleichzeitig nimmt jedoch das Verhältnis α/α0 ab, wenn α0 der Wärmeübergangskoeffizient ohne elektrolytische Blasenbildung ist. Der Einfluß der Lösungskonzentration auf den Wärmeübergang ist im untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich vernachlässigbar klein.
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with heat transfer from a horizontal heating surface to weak aqueous solutions of NaOH in order to explain whether the heat transfer in natural convection and pool boiling can be enhanced by hydrogen bubbles generated electrolytically at the heating surface. Measurements were made at liquid temperatures between 60°C and saturation temperature at atmospheric pressure. The heat flux density ranged from 4.78·104 W/m2 to 2.10·105 W/m2 and the current density from 0 to 2100 A/m2. In order not to essentially change the physical properties of water by addition of NaOH, the concentration of the solution was varied only up to 0.25 mol/l. The experiments showed an enhancement of heat transfer up to a factor of 6 due to the electrolytically produced hydrogen bubbles. The enhancement of heat transfer increases with increasing solution temperature and with increasing current density. An increasing heat flux density leads to an increase of the heat transfer coefficient α. At the same time the ratio α/α0 decreases, where α0 is the heat transfer coefficient without hydrogen evolution. The effect of concentration on heat transfer coefficients can be neglected in the concentration range covered by the experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lung injury ; Hemorheology ; Inflammation ; O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-TMP), an impurity present in widely used organophosphorus insecticides, has been shown to induce lung injury after oral administration. To date, very little is known about the hemorheological changes which may occur during the inflammation of lung caused by OOS-TMP. The present study has demonstrated that oral administration of OOS-TMP (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg) to rats produced an increase in whole blood apparent viscosity at 24, 48 and 72 h following the treatment in rats. Concomitantly, the plasma fibrinogen level and red blood cell (RBC) aggregation were increased at 24 and 48 h. There was no change in RBC filterability. Thus, OOS-TMP, a pneumotoxin, was capable of causing a systemic hemorheological alteration, probably via increase in fibrinogen content, an acute-phase protein, in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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