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  • 1990-1994  (28)
  • 1980-1984  (15)
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  • Chemistry  (48)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 223 (1994), S. 47-60 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Maßgeschneiderte segmentierte Polymere spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Entwicklung von neuen polymeren Materialien. In Abhängigkeit von den molekularen Architekturen der segmentierten Polymeren kann die Ausbildung von Polymermorphologien und von Eigenschaftssynergien gesteuertwerden. An ausgewählten Beispielen werden grundlegende Konzepte und neuere Entwicklungen vorgestellt. Segmentierte Silikon-Flüssigkautschuke, wo unverträgliche Silikonsegmente von zwei mischbaren Oligo(caprolacton)-Segmenten flankiert werden, sind wirkungsvolle Zähmodifikatoren für Epoxidharze. In nanophasenseparierten IPNs auf Basis dieser Silikon-modifizierter Epoxidharze kann die Schlagzähigkeit ohne Verlust der Dimensionsstabilität erhöht werden. Kompatibilisierte Blends aus segmentierten phenolischen Polyurethan- und epoxidfunktionellen Nitril-Flüssigkautschuken bilden diskrete Blend-Mikrophasen, die in Epoxidprepregs dispergiert sind und strukturelles Verkleben von Aluminium in Faser-Metall Laminaten ermöglichen. Reaktive Blendtechnologien werden entwickelt, um während der Polymerverarbeitung, z.B. von Polypropylen/Polyamid 6 Blends, in-situ Phasenvermittler herzustellen. Durch Einbau von definierten Oligo(tetrafluoroethene) Segmenten in Kodensationspolymere werden neben thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften auch Oberflächenspannungen und Gasdurchlässigkeiten variiert.
    Notizen: Tailor-made segmented polymers play a key role in the development of novel polymeric materials exhibiting unsual bulk and surface properties. As a function of molecular architectures of segmented polymers, it is possible to control polymer morphologies and to achieve property synergisms. Selected examples are presented to illustrate basic concepts and recent developments. Segmented reactive liquid rubbers, containing an immiscible silicone segment flanked by two miscible oligo(caprolactone) segments, are efficient epoxy toughening agents. In such nano-phase-separated silicone-modified IPNs impact strength is improved without sacrificing dimensional stability. Compatibilized blends of segmented phenolic polyurethane and nitrile liquid rubbers produce rubber blend microphases dispersed in epoxy prepregs which are used to bond aluminum sheets in structural laminates. Reactive blending technologies are developed to produce segmented polymers as blend compatibilizers during melt processing, e.g., of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends. Incorporation of oligo(tetrafluoroethene) segments into various condensation polymers modifies thermal and mechanical properties as well as surface tension and gas permeabilities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1213-1220 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Treatment of methyl 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)prop-2-enoates 1 with conc. HBr solution afforded methyl (Z)-2-(bromomethyl)alk-2-enoates 2, which were transformed regioselectively into N-substituted methyl (E)-2- (aminomethyl)alk-2-enoates 3 (SN2 reaction) and into N-substituted methyl 2-(1-aminoalkyl)prop-2-enoates 4(SN2′ reaction). Regiocontrol of nucleophilic attack by amine was accomplished simply by choice of solvent, the SN2 reaction occurring in MeCN and the SN2′ reaction in petroleum ether. Hydrolysis and lactamization afforded β-lactams 7 and 8, containing an exocyciic alkylidene and methylidene group at C(3), respectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis of New Oxygen Tripod Ligands of the Type [C5R5M{P(O)(OCH3)2}3]- via the Michaelis-Arbusov Reaction. Their Ligand Field Properties and their Coordination ChemistryThe synthesis of the dicationic tris(trialkylphosphite) complexes [C5H5Co{P(OC2H5)3}3]2+ (2a) and [C5H5Co{P(OCH3)3}3]2+ (2b) is described. 2b and [C5(CH3)5Rh{P(OCH3)3}3]2+ (5) react with iodide or cyanide in a sequence of three Michaelis-Arbusov reactions to give the title complexes L- = [C5R5M{P(O)(OCH3)2}3]-, R = CH3, H, M = Rh, Co (1b, 8), and 3 mol CH3I or CH3CN. The anionic complexes L- react as oxygen tripod ligands with metal ions Mn+ in aqueous solutions to form 2:1 complexes [ML2](n-2)+, Mn+ = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, Bi3+ (10a-e, i, 11a-e). In all cases the metal ions Mn+ can be postulated to be octahedrally coordinated by the 6 P = O oxygen atoms of the two ligands L-. The cyclopentadienyl complexes [(C5H5)3Ni2]+ and [C5H5Fe(CO)2H2O]+ react readily with L- to yield NiL2 (9b, 10b) and FeL2 (9f, 10f) whereas [{C5(CH3)5RhCl2}2] and [{arene RuCl2}2] form cationic dinuclear sandwich complexes of the type [(ring)M{P(O)R2}3M′(ring′)]+, ring = C5H5, C5(CH3)5, M = Co, Rh, R = OCH3, OC2H5, M′ = Rh, Ru, ring′ = C5(CH3)5, C6H6, p-cymene (e.g. 12, 13). (PPh3)2CuNo3 reacts with L- = [C5H5Co{P(O)(OC2H5)2}3] - to give the copper(I) complex LCuPPh3 (14). The electronic spectra of the 3d transition metal complexes ML2 indicate that the ligand field properties of L- = [C5R5M{P(O)R2′}3]-, R = H, CH3, M = Co, Rh, R′ = OCH3, OC2H5, are nearly independent of R, M, and R′. They are all weak and unexpectedly hard ligands. Their position in the nephelauxetic series in near DMSO and water. The ligand field strength is comparable to the one of fluoride.
    Notizen: Die Synthese der zweifach positiv geladenen Tris(trialkylphosphit)-Komplexe [C5H5Co{P(OC2H5)3}3]2+ (2a) und [C5H5Co{P(OCH3)3}3]2+ (2b) wird beschrieben. 2b und [C5(CH3)5Rh{P(OCH3)3}3]2+ (5) reagieren mit Iodid und Cyanid in einer Sequenz von drei Michaelis-Arbusov-artigen Reaktionen zu den Titelkomplexen L- = [C5R5M{P(O)(OCH3)2}3]-, R = CH3, H, M = Rh, Co (1b, 8) unter Abspaltung von 3 mol CH3I bzw. CH3CN. Die anionischen Komplexe L- verhalten sich gegenüber Metall-Ionen Mn+ in wäßriger Lösung wie Sauerstoff-Tripodliganden. Es entstehen 2:1-Komplexe [ML2](n-2)+, Mn+ = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, Bi3+ (10a-e,i,11a-e). Die spektroskopischen Daten sprechen in allen Fällen für eine oktaedrische Koordination des Metall-Ions Mn+ durch die 6 P=O-Sauerstoffatome der beiden Liganden L-. Die Cyclopentadienyl-Komplexe [(C5H5)3Ni2]+ reagieren mit L- rasch zu NiL2 (9b, 10b) bzw. FeL2 (9f, 10f). Im Gegensatz dazu führt die Umsetzung von L- mit [{C5(CH3)5RhCl2}2] und [{Aromat)RuCl2}2] zu kationischen zweikernigen Sandwich-Komplexen des Typs [(Ring)M{P(O)R2}3M′(Ring′)]+, Ring = C5H5, C5(CH3)5, M = Co, Rh, R = OCH3, OC2H5, M′ = Rh, Ru, Ring′ = C5(CH3)5, C6H6, p-Cymol (z. B. 12, 13). L- = [C5H5Co{P(O)(OC2H5)2}3]- ergibt mit (PPh3)2CuNO3 den Kupfer(I)-Komplex LCuPPh3 (14). Die Elektronenspektren der 3d-Übergangsmetallkomplexe ML2 zeigen, daß die ligandfeldspektroskopischen Eigenschaften von L- = [C5R5M{P(O)R′2}3]-, R = H, CH3, M = Co, Rh, R′ = OCH3, OC2H5, praktisch unabhängig von R, M und R′ sind. Es sind alles schwache und unerwartet harte Liganden. Sie stehen in der nephelauxetischen Reihe bei DMSO und Wasser. Ihre Ligandfeldstärke entspricht etwa der des Fluorid-Ions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Measuring methods for fermentations under sterile conditions. In process development as well as in industrial production it is necessary to obtain information about the state of the process by the measurement of characteristic variables. This is true for bioengineering in the same way as for chemical processes in general. Characteristic variables to be taken into consideration include temperature, pressure, masses and mass-flow rates, operating parameters such as liquid level and impeller speed, and especially the concentrations of reactants, intermediates, and products. In contrast to other processes, a particular problem exists in fermentation because introduction of microorganisms, into the system by the measurement has to be prevented. Since taking samples from the reactor is hardly suitable for controlling the process for various reasons (amount of work, loss of time), this review considers only those methods which can be used for measurements directly in the fermentor. Essentially these are physical and physico-chemical methods, e. g. for concentrations (O2 and CO2 in gas and liquid phase, pH, biomass). Of special interest for future development are spectroscopic and enzymatic methods for fast determination of substrates and of important intermediates and products. Here the sterility required entails special problems in the case of enzyme electrodes. Important information on the state of the process can, of course, also be obtained from physical variables, such as gas hold-up, bubble size, viscosity, and turbulence properties of the medium. These variables are less critical with regard to sterility.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Turbulenz ; Splitfilmsonde ; Mehrphasenströmung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Schlagwort(e): Phasengrenzfläche ; Blasensäule ; Stofftransport ; Mikrosonde. Leitfähigkeit ; Methanol ; Natriumsulfat ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 1371-1376 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The technique of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with electron spectroscopic imaging and digitized image processing was used for determination of particle size and size distribution of a starshaped polystyrene sample. The results were compared with measurements of the translational diffusion coefficient Dz from dynamic light-scattering method. The particle diameter dEM achieved by TEM-measurements is in good agreement with the effective hydrodynamic radius Rh from the Stokes-Einstein relationship.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 1851-1869 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Based on the experimental investigations with H. polymorpha and Methylomonas M 15 in bench-scale airlift tower-loop reactors, a general distributed parameter model was developed and used to simulate to cultivation process in a 40-m-high production reactor. This general model was simplified with regard to the gas phase and loop balances and was employed to optimize cell productivity and/or profit in a 20-m-high pilot-plant airlift tower-loop reactor. Maximum cell productivity always occurs in the oxygen-transfer-limited growth range. In case of a high “penalty factor” for nonconsumed substrate, maximum profit is attained at the boundary between substrate and oxygen-transfer-limited growth. Oxygen-transfer limitation exists in the lower half of the tower, whereas in the upper half, substrate limitation prevails. The longitudinal dissolved oxygen concentration passes a minimum in this case as has been determined experimentally in the bench-scale column. The simulation results agree fairly well with the data measured in the pilot plant.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 817-835 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A distributed parameter model for simulation of SCP-production processes in tower reactors with an outer loop was developed by considering substrate, cell, and CO2 balances in the liquid phase, and O2 and CO3 balances in the ges phase and taking into account variations of dissolved oxygen concentration, pressure, and kLa along the column, as well as double substrate Monod kinetics. This model was used to describe the cultivation of Hansenula polymorpha in a tower-loop reactor (height 275 cm, diameter 15 cm). Parameter identification and process simulation were carried out by a hybrid computer. The variation of identified mass transfer parameters with fermentation time and operation mode is considered employing ethanol and glucose substrate, respectively. Relationships among kLa, substrate concentration, and superficial gas velocity were developed to facilitate the layout and simulation of pilot-plant reactors.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43 (1994), S. 856-864 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): dextransucrase ; leucrose formation ; kinetic model ; acceptor site ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Leucrose formation from sucrose and fructose by dextransucrase is of practical interest. It has been investigated at different experimental conditions, including the influence of temperature on reaction rate and selectivity. Under appropriate conditions high product yield can be obtained. Furthermore, a model is presented that allows interpretation of the experimental data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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