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  • 1990-1994  (2)
  • 1975-1979  (1)
  • Pisum (stem growth)  (2)
  • Monooxygenases
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin and stem growth ; Epidermis and stem growth ; Pisum (stem growth) ; Phytochrome stem growth ; Stem elongation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of red (R) and far-red (FR) light on stem elongation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels was examined in dwarf and tallPisum sativum L. seedlings. Red light reduced the extension-growth rate of etiolated seedlings by 70–90% after 3 h, and this inhibition was reversible by FR. Inhibition occurred throughout the growing zone. After 3 h of R, the level of extractable IAA in whole stem sections from the growing zone of etiolated plants either increased or showed no change. By contrast, extractable IAA from epidermal peels consistently decreased 3 h after R treatments. Decreases of 40% were observed for epidermal peels from the top 1 cm of tall plants receiving 3 h R. Brief R treatments resulted in smaller decreases in epidermal IAA levels and these decreases were not as great when FR followed R. In lightgrown plants, end-of-day FR stimulated growth during the following dark period in a photoreversible manner. The uppermost 1 cm of expanding third internodes was most responsive to the FR. Extractable IAA from epidermal peels from the upper 1 cm of third internodes increased by 30% or more 5 h after FR. When R followed the FR the increases were smaller. Levels of IAA in whole stem sections did not change and were twofold greater than in dark-grown plants. In both dark- and light-grown tall plants, IAA levels were lower in epidermal peels than in whole stem segments. These results provide evidence that IAA is compartmentalized at the tissue level within the growing stem and that phytochrome regulation of stem elongation rates may be partly based on modulating the level of IAA within the epidermis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin and stem growth ; Epidermis and stem growth ; Pisum (stem growth) ; Phytochrome stem growth ; Stem elongation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of red (R) and far-red (FR) light on stem elongation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels was examined in dwarf and tall Pisum sativum L. seedlings. Red light reduced the extension-growth rate of etiolated seedlings by 70–90% after 3 h, and this inhibition was reversible by FR. Inhibition occurred throughout the growing zone. After 3 h of R, the level of extractable IAA in whole stem sections from the growing zone of etiolated plants either increased or showed no change. By contrast, extractable IAA from epidermal peels consistently decreased 3 h after R treatments. Decreases of 40% were observed for epidermal peels from the top 1 cm of tall plants receiving 3 h R. Brief R treatments resulted in smaller decreases in epidermal IAA levels and these decreases were not as great when FR followed R. In lightgrown plants, end-of-day FR stimulated growth during the following dark period in a photoreversible manner. The uppermost 1 cm of expanding third internodes was most responsive to the FR. Extractable IAA from epidermal peels from the upper 1 cm of third internodes increased by 30% or more 5 h after FR. When R followed the FR the increases were smaller. Levels of IAA in whole stem sections did not change and were twofold greater than in dark-grown plants. In both dark- and light-grown tall plants, IAA levels were lower in epidermal peels than in whole stem segments. These results provide evidence that IAA is compartmentalized at the tissue level within the growing stem and that phytochrome regulation of stem elongation rates may be partly based on modulating the level of IAA within the epidermis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Aminophylline ; Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase ; Benzo(a)pyrene ; Cell hybridization ; Monooxygenases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird darüber berichtet, inwieweit Säugetierzellen in Kultur für Untersuchungen des oxidativen Metabolismus von Fremdstoffen geeignet sind. Viele Zellstämme enthalten Monooxygenaseaktivität, die sich durch polycyclische Kohlenwasserstoffe auf ein Mehrfaches induzieren läßt. Gegenwärtig lassen sich jedoch Zellkulturen aus folgenden Gründen nur beschränkt zum Studium der Fremdstoffaktivierung einsetzen: 1) Zellen in Kultur enthalten anscheinend Monooxygenaseformen, die von den in der Leber vorherrschenden Formen verschieden sind. Dies spiegelt sich im unterschiedlichen Metabolismus des Benzpyrens wieder. Foetale Hamsterund Mauszellen scheinen vorwiegend Positionen am Benzo-Ring zu oxydieren, während Lebermikrosomen aus diesen Tierspezies in erster Linie den Pyren-Teil des Moleküls oxidativ angreifen. Schon früher war beobachtet worden, daß Monooxygenasen in Zellkulturen mehr denen in extrahepatischen Geweben ähneln. In Anbetracht der Befunde scheinen Zellen in Dauerkultur gegenwärtig ungeeignet zu sein, als Modell für den hepatischen Metabolismus von Fremdstoffen zu dienen, und nur begrenzt brauchbar zu sein zum generellen Screening gefährlicher Substanzen. 2) In vielen Zellstämmen ist die Aktivität der Monooxygenasen so niedrig, daß der Fremdstoffmetabolismus nicht mehr analytisch erfaßt werden kann. Dem läßt sich in einigen spezifischen Zellstämmen durch Zusatz eines Hemmstoffes der Nucleotid-Phosphodiesterase entgegenwirken. Die durch polycyclische Kohlenwasserstoffe hervorgerufene Induktion kann dadurch um das 2-10fache gesteigert werden. Hybridisierung von somatischen Zellen sollte es ermöglichen, Zellen auszulesen, die sich durch ihre spezifische Ausstattung mit Fremdstoff-metabolisierenden Enzymen auszeichnen. Ein erster Schritt in dieser Richtung wurde mit der Hybridisierung von Mauszellen und menschlichen Knochenmarkzellen getan, die zur vorläufigen Zuordnung eines Gens, das für die Expression der Aryl-Hydrocarbon-Hydroxylase erforderlich ist, zum menschlichen Chromosom 2 führte.
    Notes: Abstract The present studies explore some of the limitations and possibilities of using cultured mammalian cells in the analysis of xenobiotic metabolism by microsomal monooxygenases. A large variety of cells in culture contain monooxygenase activity which is inducible severalfold by polycyclic hydrocarbons. Presently the application of cultured cells to studies of drug activation is restricted mainly by two factors: 1) Cells in culture may contain forms of monooxygenases that differ from those predominating in liver. This is suggested by the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in fetal cells in culture and in liver microsomes of mouse and hamster. These cultured cells appear to oxygenate preferably the benzo ring of benzo(a)pyrene whereas microsomes of liver predominantly attack the pyrene side of the molecule. Earlier studies indicated that monooxygenases in cultured cells resemble in many respects those in extrahepatic tissues. The results suggest that at present cells in long term culture are unsuitable as model for the hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics and limited as tool for a general screening of potentially hazardous chemicals. 2) Monooxygenase activity in many established cell lines is too low to be useful in studies of drug metabolism. In some selected cultures this may be overcome by the use of a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor which may increase polycyclic hydrocarbon induced monoxygenase activity 2 fold and in some cell lines more than 10 fold. Selection of cells with specific sets of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism may be facilitated by somatic cell hybridization techniques. A beginning has been made with the preliminary assignment of a locus required for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase expression to human chromsome 2 in hybrids of RAG cells, an established mouse line, and normal human bone marrow cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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