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  • 1990-1994  (13)
  • 1965-1969  (16)
  • 1905-1909
  • General Chemistry  (26)
  • Positive inotropic agents  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Heart failure ; β-adrenoceptors ; G-proteins ; Positive inotropic agents ; Human myocardium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund experimenteller Untersuchungen an explantierten menschlichen Herzen lassen sich zwei biochemische Veränderungen charakterisieren: In Abhängigkeit vom Schweregrad der Herzinsuffizienz entsteht eine Abnahme von kardialenβ 1-Adrenozeptoren, wohingegen dieβ 2-Adrenozeptordichte unbeeinflußt bleibt. Zusätzlich kommt es bei der dilatativen Kardiomyopathie zu einer Zunahme von Gi. Diese Veränderungen imβ-Adrenozeptor-cAMP-Adenylatcyclasesystem führen zu einer Verminderung der Wirkung cAMP-abhängig positiv inotrop wirksamer Substanzen wieβ-Adrenozeptor-Agonisten und Phosphodiesterasehemmstoffen. Der positive inotrope Effekt von cAMP-unabhängig wirksamen positiv inotropen Maßnahmen wie die Erhöhung der extrazellulären Calciumkonzentration, Aktivierung des Natriumeinwärtsstromes und Hemmung der Natrium-Kalium-ATPase durch Herzglykoside ist bei der Herzinsuffizienz unvermindert. Das bedeutet, daß am insuffizienten menschlichen Herzen die kontraktile Reserve des Myokards im wesentlichen erhalten bleibt, aber ihre Ausschöpfung durch endogene Katecholamine und exogene, cAMP-abhängige positiv inotrop wirkende Pharmaka vermindert ist. Die Konsequenz aus diesen Beobachtungen ist, daß eine pharmakologische Erhöhung der zellulären cAMP-Spiegel durchβ-Adrenozeptoragonisten oder Phosphodiesterasehemmstoffe bei Herzinsuffizienz nicht sinnvoll erscheint. Eine Kontraktionskraftsteigerung kann am besten durch cAMP-unabhängig wirksame positiv inotrope Substanzen erreicht werden.
    Notes: Summary In heart failure, an increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system takes place to maintain perfusion pressure to vital organs, resulting in increased levels of noradrenaline in the blood of these patients. This permanent stimulation produces a down-regulation of cardiacβ-adrenoceptors. Since noradrenaline acts primarily on the cardiacβ 1-adrenoceptor subtype,β 1-adrenoceptors decrease in number, whereas theβ 2-adrenoceptor subpopulation remains unchanged in most instances. Consequently, the positive inotropic response toβ-adrenoceptor agonists is diminished. However, there is also a decrease in the positive inotropic effect ofβ 2-adrenoceptor agonists, histamine and cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as milrinone, whereas the positive inotropic effect of cAMP-independent Na+ -channel activators such as DPI 206-106 and the effects of cardiac glycosides are not diminished. These observations suggest a more generalised alteration of the cAMP-adenylate cyclase system in the failing heart. Stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein (Gs) couples receptors to adenylate cyclase that stimulate cAMP formation, such asβ-adrenoceptors, histamine receptors and glucagon receptors. In the failing human heart, Gs content has been reported to remain unchanged as compared with that in nonfailing myocardium. However, there is a 35%–40% increase in inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (Gi), which are involved in the receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Taken together, two defects of the cAMP-adenylate cyclase system have been identified: an increase in Gi content and a decrease in the number ofβ-adrenoceptors. Both alterations might contribute to the reduced effectiveness of cAMP-dependent positive inotropic agents. cAMP-independent agents might be more efficacious in mobilizing the contractile reserve of the failing myocardium. Reduction of the permanentβ-adrenergic stimulation of the failing heart, e.g. byβ-blockers, might be a promising approach for reversing these alterations of the cAMP-adenylate cyclase system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Heart failure ; Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy ; Human myocardium ; Positive inotropic agents ; Force-frequency relationship ; Calcium homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In isolated papillary muscle strips from nonfailing donor hearts (NF) and from the hearts of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with severe heart failure (NYHA IV), the force-frequency relationship was studied. Experiments were performed under basal conditions and in the presence of 0.01 μM or 0.1 μM isoprenaline and 0.02 μM ouabain. In NF, there was a positive inotropic effect following an increase of the stimulating frequency, whereas in NYHA IV, the force gradually declined under these conditions. Low concentrations (0.01) μM of isoprenaline prevented the negative inotropic effect in NYHA IV, whereas at 0.1 μM the mechanical function deteriorated in NF and NYHA IV. Ouabain had no effect on the force-frequency relationship compared to basal conditions. It is concluded that a reduction of high frequencies does improve the contractility in the failing myocardium. It is not unreasonable to speculate that this mechanism might be involved in the beneficial effects of drugs which reduce the heart rate, such as β-adrenoceptor antagonists and cardiac glycosides, in the condition of congestive heart failure in which the sympathetic tone is high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 341 (1990), S. 577-585 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Heart failure ; A1 adenosine receptors ; m-Cholinoceptors ; Phosphodiesterase inhibitors ; Human myocardium ; Positive inotropic agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the new inotropic agents saterinone, sulmazole, UD-CG 212.C1 and milrinone at A1 adenosine receptors and m-cholinoceptors were evaluated in human myocardium from patients with heart failure. At A1 adenosine receptors, all compounds inhibited 3H-DPCPX-binding to ventricular membrane preparations at micromolar concentrations. As judged from the Ki-values, the rank order of potency was saterinone 〉 sulmazole 〉 UD-CG 212.C1 〉 milrinone. The new inotropic agents also displaced the binding of 3H-QNB at m-cholinoceptors. Except for saterinone, the concentration ranges of mean Ki-values were considerably higher at m-cholinoceptors than at A1 adenosine receptors. The rank order of potency was saterinone 〉 sulmazole 〉 UD-CG 212.Cl 〉 milrinone. Competition of the A1 adenosine receptor agonist R-PIA to 3H-DPCPX-binding showed a biphasic curve with a shallow slope (Hill coefficient nH = 0.63) and revealed two affinity states of the A1 adenosine receptor. In the presence of guanine nucleotides [Gpp(NH)p], the competition curve showed one low affinity class of binding sites and was shifted to the right. In contrast, the competition curves of the new inotropic agents were characterized by a monophasic, steeper slope (mean Hill coefficient nH = 0.98). Guanine nucleotides had no effect. Similar results were obtained with saterinone and carbachol at m-cholinoceptors. Competition with carbachol revealed three affinity states of the m-cholinoceptor, the superhigh affinity binding was reversed by Gpp(NH)p. Competition with saterinone revealed one class of binding sites which was not influenced by Gpp(NH)p. Accordingly, in isolated, electrically driven human atrial trabeculae, the negative inotropic effect of adenosine was antagonized concentration-dependently by saterinone, sulmazole and UD-CG 212.Cl. Similarly the negative inotropic effect of carbachol was antagonized concentration-dependently by saterinone. It is concluded that the new inotropic agents bind to A1 adenosine receptors and that their interaction is of antagonist nature. This mechanism might contribute to their capacity to enhance force of contraction by stimulation of cAMP-formation in addition to phosphodiesterase inhibition. The effects of saterinone may be partially due to antagonism at m-cholinoceptors. This is presumably not the case with the other inotropic agents studied given their low affinity for this receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 451-451 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 78 (1966), S. 987-987 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 77 (1965), S. 622-623 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 77 (1965), S. 722-722 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 105 (1993), S. 656-656 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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