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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 50 MeV H− linear accelerator for HERA:LINAC3 collaboration (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 867-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The components of the first 50 MeV accelerator in the chain of injectors to the 820 GeV HERA proton ring are described including the high energy transport line. An H− beam originates in the cesium loaded magnetron source, is preaccelerated by a radio frequency quadrupole to 750 keV, raised to 50 MeV energy in three rf resonators, and is analyzed in the transport line. The H− ions are converted to protons by stripping, when the beam is injected over several turns into the synchrotron DESY3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142023
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cysteine Restores the Activity of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels of Skeletal Muscle Fibers of Aged Rats (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 717 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb12094.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: Polymerization properties of the p51 homodimer compared to the p66/p51 heterodimer (1993)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 32 (1993), S. 10543-10552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00091a003
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of template topology on RNA polymerase pausing during in vitro transcription of the Escherichia coli rrnB leader region (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 6 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Transcription elongation catalysed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase does not occur at a constant rate. Instead, during the transcription of many genes pausing occurs at defined template positions. Pausing is known to be influenced by the intracellular NTP concentration, the secondary structure of the growing transcript or by transcription factors like NusA. We have investigated the effects of the template topology of transcriptional pauses in the presence and absence on purified NusA protein. Taking advantage of a method for quantifying transcriptional pauses we have studied pausing behaviour during in vitro transcription of the early region of a plasmid-encoded ribosomal RNA operon. Plasmid templates with different super-helical densities (σ between +0.0017 and -0.055) were employed in transcription elongation assays. If linearized or relaxed templates are used, some of the characteristic pauses can no longer be detected. For the stronger pauses we could demonstrate a direct correlation between pause strength and the negative superhelical densities of the templates used. This correlation is observed regardless of whether or not pauses are dependent upon NusA. Changes in the average transcription elongation rate, caused by variations in the NTP concentration or the temperature, do not appear to have a comparable effect on transcription pausing. The results are consistent with the assumption that the template topology has a regulatory function in transcription elongation of rRNA genes in Escherichia coli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01504.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional importance of the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA leader box A sequence for post-transcriptional events (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 4 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To shed more light on the controversial findings concerning the functional participation of the highly conserved nut-like leader box A sequence element in ribosomal RNA transcription antitermination we have carried out a mutational study. We have substituted the box A and combined this mutation with several deletions comprising the rRNA leader elements box B, box C and the tL region. The mutations are located within the genuine rrnB operon cloned on multicopy plasmids. We determined the effects of the mutations on cell growth, rRNA accumulation and ribosomal subunit stoichiometry. Cells transformed with the mutated plasmids were affected in their growth rate, and showed a surprising deficiency of the promoter-proximal 16S compared to the 23S RNA, indicative of a post-transcriptional degradation event. Accordingly, we could demonstrate a reduced amount of free 305 relative to 50S ribosomal subunits in exponentially growing cells. Similar stoichiometric aberrations in the ribosome pool were detected in conditionally Nus factor-defective strains. The results show that the leader box A sequence within rRNA operons has important post-transcriptional functions for 16S RNA stability and ribosomal subunit stoichiometry. A model is proposed, describing the biogenesis and quality control of ribosomes based on rRNA leader and Nus-factor interactions. It is compatible with the previously observed effects of box A in antitermination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00544.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What was bipolarity? (1993)
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    International organization 47 (1993), S. 77-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-8183
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Political Science
    Notes: In spite of its widespread use, no one has ever stated clearly what the distinction between bipolar and multipolar systems refers to. Moreover, some common definitions of “bipolarity” imply behavior that is inconsistent with the behavior of states during the cold war. This article argues that the distinctive feature of post–World War II international politics was not that two states were more powerful than the others, as the literature on bipolarity would suggest, but that one state, the Soviet Union, occupied in peacetime a position of near-dominance on the Eurasian continent, a position that states in the past had been able to achieve only after a series of military victories. This fact explains the behavior that others have sought to explain by bipolarity, as well as behavior that is inconsistent with what common definitions of bipolarity would lead us to expect. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the argument for structural theories of international politics and controversies about what lies ahead.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300004719
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new polarized target for neutron scattering studies on biomolecules: first results from apoferritin and the deuterated 50S subunit of ribosomes (1992)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 25 (1992), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new polarized target for neutron scattering has been designed by CERN and tested successfully using the reactor FRG-1 at the GKSS Research Centre. The nuclear spins are aligned with respect to the external field – parallel or antiparallel – by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). To avoid absorption of neutrons by 3He, the frozen solutions of biomolecules are immersed in liquid 4He which in turn is thermally coupled to the cooling mixture of 3He/4He of the dilution refrigerator. Compared with earlier experiments where the sample had been cooled directly by 3He, the rate of detectable neutrons increased by a factor of 30. Another factor of 30 is due to the installation of the cold source and the beryllium reflector in FRG-1. Polarized neutron scattering from apoferritin in deuterated solvent shows that the proton spin polarization is homogeneous in apoferritin molecules. After saturation of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), polarized neutron scattering is dominated by deuteron spin contrast. With the deuterated large subunit of E. coli ribosomes, three different basic scattering functions are derived from spin-contrast variation, reflecting the known scattering-length-density distribution of the architecture of rRNA and ribosomal proteins. The planned in situ structure determination of a mRNA fragment is discussed in the light of the present results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889891011093
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear spin order and excitation of inner-shell electrons in macromolecular structure research. An application to the large subunit of the E. coli ribosome (1991)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 24 (1991), S. 493-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Contrast variation is a commonly employed method of structure analysis by small-angle scattering. Thermal neutrons and X-ray synchrotron radiation have led to a renaissance of non-destructive labelling methods like anomalous scattering and spin-contrast variation for the study of the in situ structure of macromolecular components. Anomalous scattering from sulfur and phosphorus has been used to identify ribosomal proteins and rRNA of the large subunit of the E. coli ribosome. For polarized neutron scattering from dynamic polarized targets, rRNA and the ribosomal proteins were deuterated separately and studied in deuterated and in undeuterated solvents. The structural parameters of rRNA and the whole of the ribosomal proteins obtained by these methods are in good agreement with earlier results obtained from neutron scattering in H2O/D2O mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889891004752
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper(II) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-β-octachloroporphyrin (1993)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 49 (1993), S. 1342-1345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270193000587
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low interleukin-2 receptor levels in serum of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 72 (1994), S. 494-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Soluble interleukin-2 receptors ; Type 1 diabetes ; Type 2 diabetes ; Prediabetes ; Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interleukin-2 receptors are released in the circulation in response to antigenic or mytogenic stimulation of T-lymphocytes. Abnormal serum interleukin-2 receptor levels have been found in young children with type 1 diabetes and “prediabetes.” We measured interleukin-2 receptor levels in 17 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 21 patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes, 19 patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes, 19 islet-cell antibody positive nondiabetic polyendocrine patients, 12 islet-cell antibody-positive first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes and compared the results to age- and sex-matched normal controls. We found significantly lower interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with newly diagnosed and long-standing type 1 diabetes compared to normal controls (87 ± 11 and 93 ± 11 vs. 142 ± 25 and 132 ± 40 U/ml, P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.01). There were no significant differences in interleukin-2 receptor levels between prediabetic groups and normal controls or patients with long-standing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. There was no correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin, blood glucose levels, and interleukin-2 receptor in the groups with long-standing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. We conclude that patients with type 1 diabetes have low interleukin-2 receptor serum levels. This phenomenon is acquired close to disease onset and is unlikely to be an early markers of type 1 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207476
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