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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide synthase in the enteric nervous system of the guinea-pig: a quantitative description (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH diaphorase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Nitric oxide ; Histochemistry ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and abundance of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons and their terminals in the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig were examined in detail using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and NOS immunohistochemistry. NOS-containing cell bodies were found in the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the submucous plexus of the stomach, colon and rectum. NOS-containing neurons comprised between 12% (in the duodenum) and 54% (in the esophagus) of total myenteric neurons. In the ileum, NOS neurons represented 19% of total myenteric neurons. Most of the NOS neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract possessed lamellar dendrites and a single axon. NOS-containing terminals were abundant in the circular muscle, including that of the sphincters, but were rare in the longitudinal muscle, except for the taeniae of the caecum. The muscularis mucosae of the esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum received a medium to dense innervation by NOS terminals. Within myenteric ganglia, NOS-containing terminals were extremely sparse in the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, common in the ileum and distal colon and extremely dense in the proximal colon and rectum. The submucous plexus in the ileum and large intestine contained a sparse plexus of NOS-containing terminals. NOS terminals were not observed in the mucosa of any region. We conclude that throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig, NOS neurons are inhibitory motor neurons to the circular muscle; in the ileum and large intestine, NOS neurons may also function as interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303090
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calbindin neurons of the guinea-pig small intestine: quantitative analysis of their numbers and projections (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Sensory neurons ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve cells with immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein, calbindin, has been studied in the small intestine of the guinea-pig, and the projections of these neurons have been analysed by tracing their processes and by examining the consequences of nerve lesions. The immunoreactive neurons were numerous in the myenteric ganglia; there were 3500±100 reactive nerve cells per cm2 of undistended intestine, which is 30% of all nerve cells. In contrast, reactive nerve cells were extremely rare in submucous ganglia. The myenteric nerve cells were oval in outline and gave rise to several long processes; this morphology corresponds to Dogiel's type-II classification. Processes from the cell bodies were traced through the circular muscle in perforating nerve fibre bundles. Other processes ran circumferentially in the myenteric plexus. Removal of the myenteric plexus, allowing time for subsequent fibre degeneration, showed that reactive nerve fibres in the submucous ganglia and mucosa came from the myenteric cell bodies. Operations to sever longitudinal or circumferential pathways in the myenteric plexus indicated that most reactive nerve terminals in myenteric ganglia arise from myenteric cell bodies whose processes run circumferentially for 1.5 mm, on average. It is deduced that the calbindin-reactive neurons are multipolar sensory neurons, with the sensitive processes in the mucosa and with other processes innervating neurons of the myenteric plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318629
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of enteric nerve cells projecting to the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 271 (1993), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Prevertebral ganglia ; Retrograde tracing ; Calbindin ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Intestine ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Retrograde tracing, using Fast Blue dye, was employed to determine the distribution of enteric nerve cells that project to the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig. Retrogradely labelled neurons were found in the myenteric but not submucous ganglia. When the superior mesenteric ganglion was injected, labelled neurons were found in low frequencies (less than 5 nerve cell bodies/cm2) in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and proximal colon. The distal colon was analysed in five segments of equal length (1–5; oral to anal). Segment 1 had about 4 labelled nerve cells/cm2, whereas segments 2 to 5 displayed an average of about 25 nerve cells/cm2. The rectum contained about 36 labelled neurons/cm2. After injection of the inferior mesenteric ganglia with Fast Blue, no labelled neurons were found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum or caecum. No labelled cells were observed in the gallbladder. A small number of labelled cells occurred in the proximal colon and in segment 1 of the distal colon. The frequency of labelled cells increased markedly in the more anal regions of the distal colon, and reached a peak in the rectum (138 cells/cm2). Both nerve lesions and immersion of the cut nerve in Fast Blue solution showed that the superior mesenteric nerve carries the axons of neurons located in the middle distal colon to the superior mesenteric ganglion. Almost half of the neurons in the rectum that project to the inferior mesenteric ganglia do so via the hypogastric nerves. Of neurons that projected to the inferior or superior mesenteric ganglia from the colon or rectum, similar proportions (about 75–80%) showed immunoreactivity for calbindin or VIP. For each of the prevertebral ganglia (coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric) the great majority of peripheral inputs arise from the large intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318620
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light- and electron-microscopic immunochemical analysis of nerve fibre types innervating the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Caecum ; Neurochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Chemical coding ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present work was undertaken to determine by immunocytochemical methods which of the putative enteric neurotransmitters are contained in axons supplying the guinea-pig taenia coli and what proportion of axons is accounted for by the presence of these substances. Numerous fibres displayed immunoreactivity for dynorphin (DYN), enkephalin (ENK), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), but, in contrast to other gut regions, fibres showing immunoreactivity for gastrin-releasing peptide, galanin and neuropeptide Y were rare in the taenia. Fibres reactive for calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and somatostatin were also rare. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-LI) was present in numerous fibres that disappeared after extrinsic denervation, a procedure that did not detectably affect any of the other major groups of fibres. Simultaneous staining of extrinsically denervated preparations revealed that SP-LI and VIP-LI were located in separate fibres, and ultrastructural studies showed these to be 58% and 33% of intrinsic fibres supplying the muscle. Immunoreactivity for the general marker, neuron-specific enolase, was located in 95–98% of axons. ENK-LI and DYN-LI were in the same axons, and similar proportions of the fibres with either SP-LI or VIP-LI, about 85%, contained immunoreactivity for ENK and DYN. All VIP-LI fibres, but no SP-LI fibres, were reactive for NOS. The results imply that the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum is innervated by two major groups of enteric neurons: (i) excitatory neurons that contain ACh, SP, other tachykinins, and, in most cases, DYN-LI and ENK-LI; and (ii) inhibitory neurons that contain NOS-LI, VIP-LI, in most cases, the two opioids and, quite probably, ATP as a transmitter. GABA-LI is contained in a smaller population of intrinsic axons. Even though the taenia represents one of the simplest tissues for examining transmission from enteric neurons to intestinal muscle, it shares some of the complexity of other regions, in that four major axon types supply the muscle and both the enteric excitatory and enteric inhibitory neurons contain multiple transmitters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381887
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons and their projections in the guinea-pig colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calretinin ; Enteric nervous system ; Calcium-binding protein ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nerve cells and fibres with immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein, calretinin, was studied in the distal colon of the guinea-pig. The projections of the neurons were determined by examining the consequences of lesioning the myenteric plexus. Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons comprised 17% of myenteric nerve cells and 6% of submucous nerve cells. Numerous calretinin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were located in the longitudinal and circular muscle, and within the ganglia of the myenteric and submucous plexuses. Occasional fibres were found in the muscularis mucosae, but they were very rare in the lamina propria of the mucosa. Lesion studies revealed that myenteric neurons innervated the underlying circular muscle and provided both ascending and descending processes that gave rise to varicose branches in myenteric ganglia. Calretinin-immunoreactive fibres also projected to the tertiary component of the myenteric plexus, and are therefore likely to be motor neurons to the longitudinal muscle. Varicose fibres that supplied the submucous ganglia appear to arise from submucous nerve cells. Arterioles of the submucous plexus were sparsely innervated by calretinin-immunoreactive fibres. The submucous plexus was the principal source of immunoreactive nerve fibres in the muscularis mucosae. This work shows that calretinin-IR reveals different neuronal populations in the large intestine to those previously reported in the small intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306121
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive neurons in guinea-pig distal colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in enteric neurons of the guinea-pig distal colon was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and the projections of the neurons were determined. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cells were observed in the myenteric plexus but no reactive nerve cells were found in submucous ganglia. Varicose reactive nerve fibres were numerous in the ganglia of both the myenteric and submucous plexuses, but were infrequent in the longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, muscularis mucosae and mucosa. Reactivity also occurred in enterochromaffin cells. Lesion studies showed that the axons of myenteric neurons projected anally to provide innervation to the circular muscle and submucosa and to other more anally located myenteric ganglia. The results suggest that a major population of 5- hydroxytryptamine neurons in the colon is descending interneurons, most of which extend for 10 to 15 mm in the myenteric plexus and innervate both 5-hydroxytryptamine and non-5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414180
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total numbers of neurons in myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myenteric plexus ; Intestine, small ; Neurons ; Enteric nervous system ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two techniques that are thought to stain all of the neurons in the myenteric ganglia of the intestine are NADH diaphorase histochemistry and immunhistochemistry using a “nerve cell body” antiserum. However, this assumption has never been directly verified. In the present study myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig ileum were prepared as whole-mounts and stained with either of these techniques. All nerve cells that could be identified in the whole-mounts were counted. The whole-mounts were then embedded flat in resin and serially sectioned at 1 μm. Nerve cells were identified and counted from the serial sections, and the data compared to those obtained from the whole-mounts. NADH diaphorase histochemistry did not reveal all the neurons at incubation times that gave selective staining. In contrast, “nerve cell body” antiserum stained the entire neuronal population. To determine the total number of nerve cell bodies/ganglion and the proportion of nerve cell bodies with calbindin immunoreactivity, whole-mounts that had been processed for calbindin immunohistochemistry were serially sectioned and reconstructed. The total number of neurons per myenteric ganglion was 105±10 (SE). Calbindin-immunoreactive neurons comprised about 20% of the myenteric neurons, which is considerably less than previous estimates, because previously the total population has been underestimated. The spatial density of myenteric neurons in the undistended ileum of the guinea-pig is 17300 nerve cells/cm2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323587
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the tertiary component of the myenteric plexus in the guinea-pig small intestine (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 509-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myenteric plexus ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Ultrastructure ; Innervation, of intestinal muscle ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The tertiary component of the myenteric plexus consists of interlacing fine nerve fibre bundles that run between its principal ganglia and connecting nerve strands. It was revealed by zinc iodide-osmium impregnation and substance P immunohistochemistry at the light-microscope level. The plexus was situated against the inner face of the longitudinal muscle and was present along the length of the small intestine at a density that did not vary markedly from proximal to distal. Nerve bundles did not appear to be present in the longitudinal muscle as judged by light microscopy, although numberous fibre bundles were encountered within the circular muscle layer. At the ultrastructural level, nerve fibre bundles of the tertiary plexus were found in grooves formed by the innermost layer of longitudinal smooth muscle cells. In the distal parts of the small intestine, some of these nerve fibre bundles occasionally penetrated the longitudinal muscle coat. Vesiculated profiles in nerve fibre bundles of the tertiary plexus contained variable proportions of small clear and large granular vesicles; they often approached to within 50–200 nm of the longitudinal smooth muscle cells. Fibroblast-like cells lay between strands of the tertiary plexus and the circular muscle but were never intercalated between nerve fibre varicosities and the longitudinal muscle. These anatomical relationships are consistent with the tertiary plexus being the major site of neurotransmission to the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318557
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of enteric nerve cells that project to the coeliac ganglion of the guinea-pig (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Coeliac ganglion ; Retrograde tracing ; Calbindin ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The digestive tract of the guinea-pig, from the esophagus to the rectum, was examined in detail to determine the distribution and relative abundances of neurons in these organs that project to the coeliac ganglion and the routes by which their axons reach the ganglion. A retrogradely transported neuronal marker, Fast Blue, was injected into the coeliac ganglion. The esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum, small intestine, caecum, proximal colon, distal colon and rectum were analysed for labelled neurons. Retrogradely labelled neurons were found only in the myenteric plexus of these organs, and in the pancreas. No labelled neurons were found in the gallbladder or the fundus of the stomach, or in the submucous plexus of any region. A small number of labelled neurons was found in the gastric antrum. An increasing density of labelled neurons was found along the duodenum. Similarly, an increasing density of labelled neurons was found from proximal to distal along the jejuno-ileum. However, the greates densities of labelled neurons were in the large intestine. many labelled neurons were found in the caecum, including a high density underneath its taeniae. An increasing density of labelled neurons was found along the length of the proximal colon, and labelled neurons were found in the distal colon and rectum. In total, more labelled cell bodies occurred in the large intestine than in the small intestine. The routes taken by the axons of viscerofugal neurons were ascertained by lesioning the nerve bundles which accompany vessels supplying regions of the digestive tract. Viscerofugal neurons of the caecum project to the coeliac ganglion via the ileocaeco-colic nerves; neurons in the proximal colon project to the ganglion via the right colic nerves, and neurons in the distal colon project to the ganglion via the mid colic and intermesenteric nerves. Neurons in the rectum project to the coeliac ganglion via the intermesenteric nerves. These nerves (except for the intermesenterics) all join nerve bundles from the small intestine that follow the superior mesenteric artery. All viscerofugal neurons of the caecum were calbindin-immunoreactive (calb-IR) and 94% were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-IR). In the proximal colon, 49% of labelled neurons were calb-IR and 85% were VIP-IR. In the distal colon, 80% of labelled neurons were calb-IR and 71% were VIP-IR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384732
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive neurons in guinea-pig distal colon (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 379-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Colon ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine in enteric neurons of the guinea-pig distal colon was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and the projections of the neurons were determined. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing nerve cells were observed in the myenteric plexus but no reactive nerve cells were found in submucous ganglia. Varicose reactive nerve fibres were numerous in the ganglia of both the myenteric and submucous plexuses, but were infrequent in the longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, muscularis mucosae and mucosa. Reactivity also occurred in enterochromaffin cells. Lesion studies showed that the axons of myenteric neurons projected anally to provide innervation to the circular muscle and submucosa and to other more anally located myenteric ganglia. The results suggest that a major population of 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in the colon is descending interneurons, most of which extend for 10 to 15 mm in the myenteric plexus and innervate both 5-hydroxytryptamine and non-5-hydroxytryptamine neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414180
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