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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perception of Activity in the Zygomaticus Major and Corrugator Supercilii Muscle Regions (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 27 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This study was designed to assess differences in perception of activity in the zygomaticus major (predominant during smiling) and corrugator supercilii facial muscles (predominant during frowning). Magnitude production psychophysical methods were used to relate subjective intensity to objective electromyographic activity using a psychophysical power function under four conditions: smiling, frowning, smiling concurrent with maintenance of a frown, and frowning concurrent with maintenance of a smile. High correlation coefficients for each power function for both zygomatic and corrugator activity were obtained. Differences in sensitivity evaluated by comparing the exponent for slope of the power functions showed differences across the muscles and as a function of the conditions. The exponent for frowning was greater than for smiling. Although the exponent for zygomatic activity was similar with and without frowning, significantly greater exponents were shown for corrugator activity when concurrently frowning and smiling than when only frowning. Maximal electromyographic activity was greater in the zygomaticus major muscle during smiling than in the corrugator supercilii muscle during frowning. These results provide a methodology for perception of electromyographic activity which could be a useful basis for analysis of the role of perception in regulating affect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02181.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methodological Issues and Ten-Year Outcomes for Obese Children (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 699 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18854.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF NICOTINE DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FOLLOWING MEAL CONSUMPTION (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 17 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. In two separate studies using healthy male smokers as subjects, the acute cardiovascular effects of a measured dose of nicotine (15 μg/kg) were examined in conjunction with light physical activity and following consumption of a meal, conditions typical of nicotine intake via smoking.2. Increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure attributable to nicotine were similar during rest, physical activity, and following eating, demonstrating additivity with the cardiovascular effects of activity and a caloric load. Diastolic blood pressure was less affected by nicotine.3. These results indicate that cardiovascular activity is acutely increased following nicotine (smoking) regardless of other influences on the cardiovascular system. Such effects may help explain increased risks of acute cardiac abnormalities due to smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01329.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute stress or corticosterone administration reduces responsiveness to nicotine: implictions for a mechanism of conditioned tolerance (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 499-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Conditioning ; Tolerance ; Analgesia ; Corticosterone ; Stress ; Conditioned tolerance ; Adrenocortical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have shown that conditioned tolerance develops to some of the behavioral and endocrine effects of nicotine in rats. Other investigators have suggested that tolerance to multiple nicotine injections in mice may be due, in part, to elevated plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels, since repeated nicotine injections are associated with elevated CORT,chronically elevated CORT reduces nicotine responsiveness and adrenalectomy disrupts nicotine tolerance. Three experiments tested the feasibility of this hypothesis, as a mechanism for conditioned nicotine tolerance in rats, by determining whetheracute administration of CORT or manipulations that increase adrenocortical activity reduce nicotine responsiveness. In experiment 1, male rats were injected IP with CORT (1 mg/kg), vehicle (ETOH + distilled water) or no injection 10 min before nicotine (0.75 mg/kg, SC) and tested for nicotine-induced analgesia every other day for 10 days. A significant reduction in withdrawal latencies was obtained for CORT pretreated rats compared to animals given only nicotine. A similar reduction was produced by the vehicle pretreatment, which itself induced an elevation of endogenous CORT. Experiments 2 and 3 established that similar effects could be produced by doses of CORT as low as 0.125 mg/kg or by exposure to a novel environment which also elevated CORT levels. Results also suggest that a conditioned release of endogenous CORT was triggered by stimuli associated with nicotine delivery. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a conditioned release of CORT could contribute to the development of tolerance to some of nicotine's effects. The possibility that other neuroendocrine mediators might be involved in addition to or instead of CORT, is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253543
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute effects of nicotine on hunger and caloric intake in smokers and nonsmokers (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 103 (1991), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Hunger ; Caloric intake ; Smokers ; Nonsmokers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inverse relationship between smoking and body weight may be due in part to nicotine's effects on reducing hunger and eating. Male smokers and nonsmokers (n=10 each), abstinent overnight from smoking and food, participated in four sessions, involving consumption of a liquid caloric load or water followed by nicotine (15 µg/kg) or placebo via nasal spray every 20 min for 2 h. Hunger and satiety (“fullness”) ratings were obtained prior to each dose presentation. At the end of the two sessions involving the caloric load (simulating breakfast), subjects were also presented with typical lunch/snack food items varying in sweet taste and fat content for ad lib consumption. Results indicated that, for both smokers and nonsmokers, the hunger-reducing effects of nicotine occurred only following caloric load consumption, and there was no effect of nicotine on hunger after water consumption. Smokers unexpectedly reported greater satiation than nonsmokers following the caloric load regardless of nicotine or placebo condition. Nicotine also resulted in less caloric intake during the meal, and the decrease was not specific to consumption of sweet, high-fat foods. These results indicate that nicotine reduces appetite, possibly helping to explain the influence of smoking on body weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244083
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of setting and number of observations on generalizability of parent-child interactions in childhood obesity treatment (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment 15 (1993), S. 129-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3505
    Keywords: praise ; negative statements ; setting ; generalization ; obese children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The generalizability of behaviors across observational conditions is a critical issue in behavioral assessment. Generalizability theory was used to examine two aspects of audio recorded parent-child interactions recorded over 6 days of home measurement and 1 day of laboratory measurement in a behavioral treatment program for childhood obesity. Families audiotaped parent-child home meetings during which they reviewed self-monitored diet and exercise records that were coded for the following types of interactions: praise statements, negative statements, prompts for new behaviors, and statements promoting problem solving. A similar meeting was audiotaped in our laboratory. The first question explored was the number of measurements needed to generalize to the universe of the six home measures. Results showed an increase in generalizability over measurements for each behavioral category. Using generalizability coefficients of .60 or more, praise, negative comments and prompts, respectively, could be reliably observed based on 1, 4, or 4 days of measurement. Second, the effects of setting (laboratory versus home) were assessed for 1 day of measurement in each environment. Again using generalizability coefficients of .60, generalizability analysis showed that the lab setting could not be generalized to the home setting based on 1 day of measurement, with generalizability coefficients ranging from .27 for negative comments to .57 for praise. Results suggest that 4 days of behavioral assessment in the home can be used to establish generalizable data for all the dependent measures studied. However, generalizability coefficients suggested that 1 day of laboratory measurement was not adequate to generalize to typical home behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00960613
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nicotine on hunger and eating in male and female smokers (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Satiety ; Hunger ; Caloric intake ; Craving ; Smokers ; Males ; Females ; Sweet taste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We tested whether the inverse relationship between smoking and body weight may be due in part to nicotine's acute effects on reducing hunger and eating. On four mornings, male and female smokers (n=10 each), abstinent overnight from smoking and food, received one of three nicotine doses (7.5, 15, and 30 µg/kg) or placebo (0) via nasal spray every 30 min for 2 h. Self-reported hunger and satiety (“fullness”) and craving for cigarettes were obtained after each dose presentation. Subjects subsequently ate ad lib from a large array of food items varying in sweet taste and fat content. For both males and females, nicotine had no effect on self-reported hunger, but cigarette craving was decreased. Rather than being decreased, caloric intake during the meal was unexpectedlyincreased following nicotine compared with placebo. Cigarette craving increased after the meal, and this increase was unaffected by nicotine dose. There were virtually no differences between males and females in any effects of nicotine. These results indicate that nicotine may not acutely suppress appetite in fasting smokers and suggest that other actions of nicotine or smoking may account for the lower body weights of smokers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253588
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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