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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of muscle cross-sectional area and strength between untrained women and men (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 68 (1994), S. 148-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Cross-sectional area ; Isokinetic strength ; Sex differences ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of fat, muscle and bone tissues of the limb as well as maximal voluntary isokinetic strength were measured in untrained men (n=27) and women (n=26) aged 18–25 years. Anatomical CSA of the three tissues were determined by ultrasound on the upper arm and thigh. The isokinetic strength of the elbow and knee extensor and flexor muscles were measured by an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex 11) at 1.05 rad · s−1. The women had significantly (P〈0.001) larger fat CSA and smaller bone and muscle CSA than the men in both the upper arm and thigh. Among tissue CSA, the largest difference between the women and men was found in fat CSA regardless of the measurement sites. The sex differences in bone and muscle CSA were found largely in the upper arm compared to the thigh, even when expressed per unit second power of the limb length. Regression analyses of the data for respective samples for the men and women showed significant correlations (r=0.411−0.707, P 〈 0.05−P 〈 0.001) between CSA and strength in all muscle groups except for the elbow extensors of the men (r=0.328, P〉0.05) and the elbow flexors of the women (r=0.388, P〉0.05). No significant difference between sexes was observed when strength was expressed per unit of muscle CSA (F · CSA−1) for the elbow flexors and extensors. However, the men showed significantly higher F · CSA−1 than the women for the knee flexors and extensors (P 〈 0.001). These results would indicate that, although the difference between sexes in muscle CSA is smaller in the thigh than in the upper arm, differences in the ability to develop dynamic strength proportional to the CSA appeared mainly in the thigh muscles compared to the upper muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00244028
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strength and cross-sectional area of knee extensor muscles in children (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 68 (1994), S. 402-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Isokinetic strength ; Developmental age ; Age and gender differences ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Iksokinetic strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) of knee extensor muscles were examined in 60 boys and girls, aged 6–9 years, and in 71 young adult men and women to investigate the influences of age and gender on the strength capabilities in relation to muscle size. A single anatomical CSA of quadriceps femoris at the right mid-thigh was measured by using a B-mode ultrasonic apparatus. Isokinetic strength produced at three kinds of constant velocity, 1.05, 3.14, and 5.24 rad · s−1, was significantly correlated to the product of CSA and thigh length (TL) in separate samples by age and gender. In both genders, however, young adults had significantly higher ratios of strength to CSA · TL (ST · CSA−1 · TL−1) than children at all measurement velocities. Relative differences in ST · CSA−1 · TL−1 between children and young adults became larger with increasing test velocity. Within the same generation, men had significantly higher ST · CSA−1 · TL−1 than women at all measurement velocities except for the ratio in children at 1.05 rad · s−1. These results indicate that the ability to produce strength proportional to muscle size is lower in children than in young adults, regardless of gender, and lower in women than in men within the same generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00843736
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentric and eccentric muscle strength before, during and after fatigue in 13 year-old boys (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 67 (1993), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Concentric and eccentric muscle actions ; Muscle fatigue ; Muscle cross-sectional area ; Boys aged 13 years
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the force-producing characteristics of boys aged 13 years in relation to fatigue of elbow flexor muscles. Maximal voluntary force in elbow flexion was measured before and after a muscle endurance test (MET) by using an isokinetic dynamometer isometrically, concentrically and eccentrically at three velocities, i.e. 0.21, 0.52, and 1.05 rad · s−1. The MET consisted of maximal concentric and eccentric muscle actions performed alternately at 0.52 rad · s−1 for 50 consecutive trials. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of elbow flexor muscles (biceps brachii and brachialis) was measured by a B-mode ultrasound apparatus. Although eccentric force showed significantly higher values than concentric force during MET, there was no significant difference in the rate of decline in force between the two actions. There was no significant difference in the rate of decline in force after MET for each velocity and muscle action. Isometric, concentric and eccentric force before MET was significantly related to muscle CSA whereas, after MET, concentric force significantly correlated with muscle CSA but there was no significant correlation between muscle CSA and isometric or eccentric force. From our study, it is therefore suggested that in development to maturity, isometric, concentric and eccentric force decrease at the same rate with advancing muscle fatigue; however, there might be differences among muscle actions in facors affecting force development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376654
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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