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Measurement of viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in vivo (2002)

Kubo, K. ; Kawakami, Y. ; Kanehisa, H. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1600-0838

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine , Sports Science

Notes: The purpose of this study was to investigate the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in humans. Elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) was directly measured by ultrasonography, while subjects (n=19) performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between tendon elongation (L) and estimated muscle force (Fm) was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as compliance of the tendon structures. The hysteresis was calculated as the ratio of the area within the L-Fm loop (elastic energy dissipated) to the area beneath the load portion of the curve (elastic energy input). The resulting L-Fm relationship was non-linear in form, as previously reported on animal and human tendons in vitro. The mean compliance was 4.5±1.1 · 10−2 mm/N. However, there was a considerable inter-subject variability (2.9 to 7.2 · 10−2 mm/N). The Young's modulus, i.e., the slope of the stress–strain curve, was 280 MPa, which tended to be lower than the previously reported values for human tendons. It was also found that the strain of the tendon structures was homogeneously distributed along their length. The mean hysteresis (energy dissipation) was 22.2±8.8%. However, again there was a considerable inter-subject variability (9.7 to 37.2%). The present results indicated that the tendon structures of human MG were considerably compliant and their hysteresis was in accordance with previously reported values.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.120102.x

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2

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Body composition and cross-sectional areas of limb lean tissues in Olympic weight lifters (1998)

Kanehisa, H. ; Ikegawa, S. ; Fukunaga, T.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0

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ISSN: 1600-0838

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine , Sports Science

Notes: Kanehisa H, Ikegawa S, Fukunaga T. Body composition and cross-sectional areas of limb lean tissues in Olympic weight lifters.The cross-sectional area (CSAs) of bone and muscle tissues in the forearm, upper arm, lower leg, and thigh and body composition were determined by B-mode ultrasound and underwater weighing methods, respectively, for 56 college Olympic weight lifters and 28 age-matched non-athletes to investigate the magnitude of musculoskeletal development in the strength-trained athletes belonging to the weight-classified sports event. The average value of fat-free mass (FFM) for the weight lifters ranked 12.6 kg above the regression line of FFM on stature for untrained subjects. In the weight lifters, however, the percentage of fat mass to body mass was also highly correlated to body mass index. Bone and muscle CSAs in every site were significantly larger in the weight lifter than in the untrained subjects with relative differences of 22 to 58% and 17 to 56%, respectively. Moreover, as a result of regression analysis for the mixed data from weight lifters and untrained subjects, significant correlation was found between bone and muscle CSAs in every site (r=0.620 to 0.791, P〈0.05). The differences in lean (bone + muscle) CSA were still significant in all sites except for the lower leg even when the difference in body size was statistically controlled. The comparisons between the weight lifters and untrained subjects on the lean CSA ratios of site to site and muscle CSA ratios of flexors to extensors indicated that the weight lifters had achieved a high relative distribution of lean tissues in the arms and a dominant development in elbow and knee extensors. Thus, the present results suggested that participation in weight lifting exercises for a long period could increase bone CSA as well as muscle CSA, and induce in the participants a noticeable enlargement in given sites and muscle groups responsible for performing the Olympic lifts.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00482.x

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3

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Morphological and functional differences in the elbow extensor muscle between highly trained male and female athletes (1998)

Ichinose, Y. ; Kanehisa, H. ; Ito, M. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 78 (1998), S. 109-114

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Key words Olympic athletes ; Sex difference ; Muscle thickness ; Fibre pennation angles ; B-Mode ultrasound

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the morphological and functional aspects of the triceps brachii muscle between highly trained male and female athletes who were members of the 1996 Japanese Olympic teams in each of three different events: soccer, gymnastics and judo. The thickness (TBmt) and fibre pennation angle (TBpen) of the triceps brachii muscle and force output during elbow extensions were determined using a B-mode ultrasound apparatus and an isokinetic dynamometer, respectively. The TBmt and its value relative to upper arm length (TBmt/l ua) were significantly larger in the men than in the women in all the events except judo. In all the subjects, a significant correlation was found between TBmt/l ua) and TBpen (r= 0.721, P 〈 0.05). The existence of the sex difference in TBpen within the same event was in agreement with that observed in TBmt/l ua except for the soccer players. The TBpen of the soccer players were similar in both sexes although a significant sex differences was found in TBmt/l ua. The isokinetic forces measured using the two velocities 60°· s−1 (F 60) and 180°· s−1 (F 180) were significantly correlated to the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the triceps brachii muscle estimated from TBmt (r= 0.702, P 〈 0.05 for F 60, and r= 0.776, P 〈 0.05 for F 180). No significant sex differences were found in either F 60/CSA or F 180/CSA in any of the events. From these results, it could be assumed, at least in the Olympic athletes tested in this study, that the fibre angulation of the triceps brachii muscle was almost the same in the two sexes if allowance was made for the difference in the muscle size, and the sex difference in force generation capability of the triceps brachii muscle could in the main be attributed to the difference in CSA rather than in the architectural characteristics.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050394

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4

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A cross-sectional study of the size and strength of the lower leg muscles during growth (1995)

Kanehisa, H. ; Yata, H. ; Ikegawa, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 72 (1995), S. 150-156

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Plantarflexor ; Dorsiflexor ; Isometric strength ; Muscle cross-sectional area

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The influences of age and sex on the cross-sectional area (CSA) and isometric strength of the ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors (PF) were investigated in four age groups of 121 boys and 121 girls aged: 7–9, 10–12, 13–15, and 16–18 years. A single anatomical cross-section was determined at 30% of the distance from the articular cleft between the femur and tibiacondyles by using an ultrasonic apparatus. In both sexes, the increase in age was associated with significant increases in the CSA and strength (ST) of these opposing muscle groups. The sex differences became apparent in the 13–15 year group for CSA and in the 16–18 year group for ST but the differences reduced considerably when CSA and ST were expressed per unit of the second power of the lower leg length (CSA·LL −2) and the product of CSA and the lower leg length (ST·CSA −1·LL −1), respectively. However,CSA·LL −2 of both muscles had a tendency to be increased at and over the age of 10–12 years, and was the highest at 16–18 years, andST·CSA −1·LL −1 of PF showed higher values in the older boys than in the younger. Thus, it appeared that, at least in the reciprocal muscle groups of the ankle joint, the sex differences in muscle CSA and ST during growth could be accounted for by differences in LL and muscle mass, respectively. However, other factors must also be involved to explain completely the age differences in these variables.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964130

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5

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Body composition and isokinetic strength of professional Sumo wrestlers (1998)

Kanehisa, H. ; Kondo, M. ; Ikegawa, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 77 (1998), S. 352-359

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Key words Heavy-weight athletes ; Performance ability ; B-mode ultrasound ; Fat-free mass ; Muscle cross-sectional area

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the profiles of body composition and force generation capability in professional Sumo wrestlers. The subjects were 23 professional Sumo wrestlers [mean age 22.0 (SEM 1.2) years] including those ranked in the lower- (Jonokuchi, n = 10), middle- (Sandanme, n = 8) and higher-division (Makuuchi, n = 5), 22 weight-classified athletes [5 judo athletes, 5 wrestlers, and 12 weight lifters, mean age 20.7 (SEM 0.7) years], and 21 untrained men [mean age 20.1 (SEM 0.2) years]. In the Sumo wrestlers, body mass ranged between 77.0 and 150.0 kg, body mass index between 25.9 and 44.5 kg · m−2, relative fat mass (%FM) between 11.9 and 37.0%, and fat-free mass (FFM) between 59.1 and 107.6 kg. The Sumo wrestlers showed significantly higher %FM and smaller elbow and knee extensor cross-sectional areas (CSA) than the weight-classified athletes who weighed from 90.4 kg to 133.2 kg. Moreover, isokinetic forces in the flexion and extension of elbow and knee joints, respectively, at three constant velocities of 1.05, 3.14 and 5.24 rad · s−1 were significantly lower in the Sumo wrestlers than in the weight-classified athletes and untrained subjects when expressed per unit of body mass. However, the median value of FFM relative to body height in the higher-division Sumo wrestlers was ranked high in the range of magnitude among those reported previously in the literature for heavyweight athletes. Moreover, the results on the comparisons within the Sumo wrestlers showed that not only FFM but also force generation capability, expressed both as an absolute term and as a value relative to both body mass and muscle CSA, might be factors contributing to the performance of Sumo wrestlers.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050344

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6

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Concentric and eccentric muscle strength before, during and after fatigue in 13 year-old boys (1993)

Kawakami, Y. ; Kanehisa, H. ; Ikegawa, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 67 (1993), S. 121-124

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Concentric and eccentric muscle actions ; Muscle fatigue ; Muscle cross-sectional area ; Boys aged 13 years

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the force-producing characteristics of boys aged 13 years in relation to fatigue of elbow flexor muscles. Maximal voluntary force in elbow flexion was measured before and after a muscle endurance test (MET) by using an isokinetic dynamometer isometrically, concentrically and eccentrically at three velocities, i.e. 0.21, 0.52, and 1.05 rad · s−1. The MET consisted of maximal concentric and eccentric muscle actions performed alternately at 0.52 rad · s−1 for 50 consecutive trials. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of elbow flexor muscles (biceps brachii and brachialis) was measured by a B-mode ultrasound apparatus. Although eccentric force showed significantly higher values than concentric force during MET, there was no significant difference in the rate of decline in force between the two actions. There was no significant difference in the rate of decline in force after MET for each velocity and muscle action. Isometric, concentric and eccentric force before MET was significantly related to muscle CSA whereas, after MET, concentric force significantly correlated with muscle CSA but there was no significant correlation between muscle CSA and isometric or eccentric force. From our study, it is therefore suggested that in development to maturity, isometric, concentric and eccentric force decrease at the same rate with advancing muscle fatigue; however, there might be differences among muscle actions in facors affecting force development.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376654

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7

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Comparison of muscle cross-sectional area and strength between untrained women and men (1994)

Kanehisa, H. ; Ikegawa, S. ; Fukunaga, T.

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 68 (1994), S. 148-154

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Cross-sectional area ; Isokinetic strength ; Sex differences ; Ultrasound

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of fat, muscle and bone tissues of the limb as well as maximal voluntary isokinetic strength were measured in untrained men (n=27) and women (n=26) aged 18–25 years. Anatomical CSA of the three tissues were determined by ultrasound on the upper arm and thigh. The isokinetic strength of the elbow and knee extensor and flexor muscles were measured by an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex 11) at 1.05 rad · s−1. The women had significantly (P〈0.001) larger fat CSA and smaller bone and muscle CSA than the men in both the upper arm and thigh. Among tissue CSA, the largest difference between the women and men was found in fat CSA regardless of the measurement sites. The sex differences in bone and muscle CSA were found largely in the upper arm compared to the thigh, even when expressed per unit second power of the limb length. Regression analyses of the data for respective samples for the men and women showed significant correlations (r=0.411−0.707, P 〈 0.05−P 〈 0.001) between CSA and strength in all muscle groups except for the elbow extensors of the men (r=0.328, P〉0.05) and the elbow flexors of the women (r=0.388, P〉0.05). No significant difference between sexes was observed when strength was expressed per unit of muscle CSA (F · CSA−1) for the elbow flexors and extensors. However, the men showed significantly higher F · CSA−1 than the women for the knee flexors and extensors (P 〈 0.001). These results would indicate that, although the difference between sexes in muscle CSA is smaller in the thigh than in the upper arm, differences in the ability to develop dynamic strength proportional to the CSA appeared mainly in the thigh muscles compared to the upper muscles.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00244028

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8

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Profiles of musculoskeletal development in limbs of college Olympic weightlifters and wrestlers (1999)

Kanehisa, H. ; Fukunaga, T.

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 414-420

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Key words Weight-categorized athletes ; B-mode ultrasound ; Bone and muscle cross-sectional areas ; Fat-free mass

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract To investigate the event-related profiles of musculoskeletal development in weight-categorized athletes, we measured the cross-sectional areas (CSA) of bone and muscle in the forearm, upper arm, lower leg and thigh, using a B-mode ultrasound apparatus, in college Olympic weightlifters (OWL, n = 19) and wrestlers (WR, n = 17) and untrained men (UM, n = 24), whose body masses were within the range from 55 kg to 78 kg. Both bone and muscle CSA at all sites were significantly correlated to the two-thirds power of fat-free mass (FFM2/3) with correlation coefficients of 0.430–0.741 (P 〈 0.05) and 0.608–0.718 (P 〈 0.05), respectively. Moreover, there were significant correlations between bone and muscle CSA at all sites (r = 0.664–0.829, P 〈 0.05). Even when bone and muscle CSA were expressed relative value to FFM2/3, both OWL and WR showed significantly greater values than UM at all sites except for the lower leg. Furthermore, the comparison of the lean (bone + muscle) CSA ratio from site to site indicated a higher distribution of lean tissues in the upper extremities in OWL and WR compared to UM. While there was no significant difference between the two athlete groups in FFM2/3, OWL showed significantly larger values than WR in the bone CSA of the upper arm and thigh and in the muscle CSA of the lower leg and thigh. However, lean CSA ratios of the upper extremities to the lower ones were significantly higher in WR than in OWL. Thus, the present results indicated that, compared to UM, OWL and WR had a greater lean tissue CSA in limbs, especially in the upper extremities, even when the difference in FFM was normalized. Moreover, the relative distribution of lean tissues in limbs differed between the two weight-categorized athletes in spite of there being no difference in FFM, which may be attributable to their own training regimens and/or competition style.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050531

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Validity of bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods for estimating the muscle volume of the upper arm (2000)

Miyatani, M. ; Kanehisa, H. ; Fukunaga, T.

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 82 (2000), S. 391-396

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Key words B-mode ultrasound ; Bioelectrical impedance ; Data acquisition system ; Magnetic resonance imaging

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the validity of bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods for predicting the muscle volume of the upper arm. Bioelectrical impedance of the right upper arm and the thickness of elbow flexor and extensor muscles were measured from 26 healthy young adult men using a specially designed bioelectrical impedance data acquisition system and brightness-mode ultrasound apparatus, respectively. As reference data, the muscle volume (MVMRI) of the right upper arm was determined using a magnetic resonance imaging method. The impedance index was calculated as L 2/Z, where L is the upper arm length and Z is the impedance of the shoulder to the elbow. The muscle volume (MVULT) was calculated as π·(d/2)2·L, where d is muscle thickness. L 2/Z and MVULT were significantly correlated with MVMRI with correlation coefficients of 0.971 and 0.962, respectively. In these relationships, the standard errors of estimation were 44.2 cm3 (6.3%) for L 2/Z and 50.7 cm3 (7.2%) for MVULT. There was no significant difference between the absolute errors of muscle volumes estimated by L 2/Z and MVULT: 36.2 (4.8, SEM) cm3 for L 2/Z versus 40.3 (5.8) cm3 for MVULT. The present results suggest that both bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods may be useful for predicting the muscle volume of the upper arm.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210000213

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Strength and cross-sectional area of knee extensor muscles in children (1994)

Kanehisa, H. ; Ikegawa, S. ; Tsunoda, N. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 68 (1994), S. 402-405

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Isokinetic strength ; Developmental age ; Age and gender differences ; Ultrasound

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Abstract Iksokinetic strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) of knee extensor muscles were examined in 60 boys and girls, aged 6–9 years, and in 71 young adult men and women to investigate the influences of age and gender on the strength capabilities in relation to muscle size. A single anatomical CSA of quadriceps femoris at the right mid-thigh was measured by using a B-mode ultrasonic apparatus. Isokinetic strength produced at three kinds of constant velocity, 1.05, 3.14, and 5.24 rad · s−1, was significantly correlated to the product of CSA and thigh length (TL) in separate samples by age and gender. In both genders, however, young adults had significantly higher ratios of strength to CSA · TL (ST · CSA−1 · TL−1) than children at all measurement velocities. Relative differences in ST · CSA−1 · TL−1 between children and young adults became larger with increasing test velocity. Within the same generation, men had significantly higher ST · CSA−1 · TL−1 than women at all measurement velocities except for the ratio in children at 1.05 rad · s−1. These results indicate that the ability to produce strength proportional to muscle size is lower in children than in young adults, regardless of gender, and lower in women than in men within the same generation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00843736

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