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Atopic sensitization and respiratory symptoms among Polish and Swedish school children (1994)

BRÅBÄCK, L. ; BREBOROWICZ, A. ; DREBORG, S. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Clinical & experimental allergy 24 (1994), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2222

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Allergic sensitization and symptoms from the airways in relation to air pollution were compared in 10–12-year-old school children (n= 1113) from urban Konin in central Poland and both urban and rural parts of Sundsvall in northern Sweden. The measurements included parental questionnaires, skin-prick tests and serial peak flow measurements during 2 weeks with simultaneous monitoring of outdoor air pollutants. The skin-prick test technique was validated by IgE antibody determinations. The levels of common industrial pollutants, SO2 and smoke particles were much higher in Konin than in urban Sundsvall and the levels of NO2 were similar. Various respiratory symptoms were more often reported among school children in Konin (except for wheezing and diagnosed asthma). Multiple logistic regression analyses yielded the following increased odds ratios for children in Konin as compared with the reference group (rural Sundsvall): chest tightness and breathlessness 348 (95% confidence interval 2.08–5.82), exercise-induced coughing attacks 3.69 (95% confidence interval 1.68–8.10), recurrent episodes of common cold 2.79 (95% confidence interval 1.53–5.09) and prolonged cough 4–89 (95% confidence interval 2.59–9.23). In contrast, as compared with rural Sundsvall, the adjusted odds ratio for a positive skin-prick test was decreased in Konin, but increased in urban Sundsvall, 0.58 (95% confidence interval 0.37–0.91) and 1.67 (95% confidence interval 1.15–2.42) respectively. The study confirms that living in urban, as compared with rural areas, is associated with an increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms and sensitization to allergens. These differences could be explained by air pollution. Respiratory symptoms were more common in a similar urban group of Polish children who were exposed to even higher levels of air pollution. These children, however, had a much lower prevalence of sensitization to allergens, as compared with the Swedish children. This indicates that differences in lifestyle and standard of living between western Europe and a former socialist country influences the prevalence of atopy.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb01805.x

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Knit line fractures in injection molded liquid crystalline polymers (1990)

Engberg, K. ; Knutsson, A. ; Werner, P.-E. ; [et al.]

Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell

Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1620-1627

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ISSN: 0032-3888

Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics

Notes: The microstructure and fracture behavior of Injection molded samples of unfilled and filled grades of liquid crystalline polymers (Vectra® and Ultrax®) containing cold and warm knit lines have been studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and Instron tensile tests. Four process parameters - melt temperature, mold temperature, injection time, and holding pressure - have been varied in accordance with a 24 factorial design experiment. In cold knit lines a 200 µm thick region with transverse orientation with Hermans orientation function f ≈ 0.12-0.18 is formed on both sides on the weld area. The strength of the cold knit lines is very low, 9.0-19.8 MPa corresponding to 15-20% of the full strength of the material. The strength of the warm knit lines increases markedly with increasing distance from the insert and is generally significantly greater (40-45 MPa, 48 mm from the insert) than in the cold welds. Annealing at 260-300°C of samples containing cold knit lines causes first a partial healing of the knit line and later extensive chemical degradation of the polymer.

Additional Material: 14 Ill.