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  • 1990-1994  (15)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for electrical conduction in metal-ferroelectric-metal thin-film capacitors (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 1014-1022 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Time-zero current-voltage characteristics and time-dependent current behavior of metal-ferroelectric-metal (Pt-PZT-Pt) capacitor structures have been studied. Under constant-voltage stressing, the current density through the 1500-A(ring)-thick lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) film exhibits a power-law dependence on time, with the exponent (∼0.33) independent of temperature and voltage. Electrode material dependence of current density indicates that the conventional model of trap-limited single-carrier injection over nonblocking contacts is inadequate to explain the time-zero current. A change in top electrode material from Pt to In leads to the observation of work-function-driven Schottky contacts between the metal and ferroelectric. The current-voltage characteristics fit a two-carrier injection metal-semiconductor-metal model incorporating blocking contacts, with distinct low- and high-current regimes (PZT is assumed to be p-type and trap-free in this model). Temperature-dependent I-V measurements indicate a Pt-PZT barrier height of 0.6 eV and an acceptor doping level of ∼1018 cm−3 in PZT. The implications of this model on the optimization of ferroelectric capacitors for dynamic random access memory applications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356508
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient signals induced by laser irradiation of negative ions in hollow electrode discharges of Cl2 and HCl in N2 (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 2649-2656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A technique for sampling negative ions in hollow-cathode and hollow-anode discharges of strongly electronegative gases is presented. The negative ions were mass analyzed to be Cl−, Cl−2, and Cl−3 for the discharge of Cl2/N2 mixture and Cl− for HCl/N2. The dependence of negative ion intensity on gas pressure and discharge voltage was investigated. Photodetachment of negative ions was used to induce photoelectron transient signals that probe ion concentrations. The transient signal indicates that negative ions originate in discharge, but not in the mass-analyzer region. Time dependence of the negative ion signal induced by laser irradiation was measured by a quadrupole mass analyzer and used to study the kinetics of charged particles responsible for the transport of laser-induced perturbation. The observed negative ion transient signal is a useful means for studying negative ion kinetics in plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346490
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bicyclic Imidazoles as a Novel Class of Cytokine Biosynthesis Inhibitors (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 696 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb17149.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure and chemical and electrochemical reactivity of tetrakis(N,N'-diphenylbenzamidinato)dicobalt and -diruthenium (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 31 (1992), S. 620-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00030a018
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of (2,5,8,11,14-pentaazapentadecane)copper(II) diperchlorate monohydrate (1993)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 49 (1993), S. 1747-1749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S010827019300280X
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pyridinyl imidazole compounds on murine TNF-α production (1993)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 39 (1993), S. C55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of SK&F 86002 and other pyridinyl imidazole compounds on murine cytokine production were investigated.In vitro, SK&F 86002 inhibited LPS stimulated TNF-α production by the RAW 264.7 cell line and by oil elicited peritoneal macrophages with an IC50 of 5μM. In general, the activity was reflective of previous results obtained with human monocytes as SK&F 86002 and its analogs demonstrated identical rank order potency for TNF-α inhibition in both species. These compounds also inhibited TNF-αin vivo in a murine model of endotoxin shock. Following oral administration, SK&F 86002 and its analogs reduced serum TNF-α levels by 〉80% and afforded 100% protection from lethality. In contrast, tenidap, a novel anti-inflammatory drug, had minimal to no effect on murine TNF-α production in the same assays. These data further extend the pharmacological profile of the pyridinyl imidazoles by demonstrating that these compounds potently inhibit murine TNF-α production bothin vitro andin vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01972719
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by pyridinyl imidazole compounds is independent of cAMP elevating mechanisms (1993)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 39 (1993), S. C64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Exposure of human monocytes (HM) toE. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS) results in measurable production of both IL-1β and TNFα in culture supernatants. It has previously been reported that the elevation of cAMP levels in HM selectively suppresses the LPS-induced TNFα but not IL-1β production. In this study we investigated whether the novel anti-inflammatory drug, SK&F 86002 [5-4(-pyridyl)-6(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazole(2,1-b)thiazol] and related analogs of the pyridinyl imidazole class, inhibit IL-1 and TNF production via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. These compounds, when added together with LPS result in inhibition of IL-1 and TNF production with equal-rank-order potency. Although the pyridinyl imidazole compounds were found to be generally weak phosphodiesterase inhibitors, they did not affect cAMP levels in HM, alone or in the presence of LPS. In contrast, PGE2, which significantly elevated intracellular cAMP levels, inhibited TNF but not IL-1 production at the transcriptional level. Taken together, these results suggest that the pyridinyl imidazoles inhibit the production of IL-1β and TNFα through pathways independent of cAMP elevating mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01972722
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential effects of the bicyclic imidazoles on cytokine biosynthesis in human monocytes and endothelial cells (1994)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 41 (1994), S. C191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of bicyclic imidazoles on human monocyte and endothelial cell cytokine production were examined. These compounds constitute the CSAIDTM class of anti-inflammatories and are inhibitors of cytokine biosynthesis. The bicyclic imidazoles differ from glucocorticoids and phosphodiesterase inhibitors in their chemical structure as well as pharmacological profile. At optimal concentrations of LPS (50 ng/ml), SK&F 86002, a prototypic compound, inhibited IL-1 and TNF but not g-CSF or IRAP production in human monocytes. At suboptimal concentrations of LPS (50 pg/ml), IL-6 and IL-8 production were also inhibited. Inhibition of cytokine biosynthesis was stimulus independent. For example, induction of IL-1 or TNF expression by phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitors (Okadaic acid or Calyculin A) and Vitamin D3-dependent induction of IL-1 or TNF was also inhibited. In addition, IL-8 production, but not ICAM/E-Selectin expression in IL-1-stimulated HUVEC, was inhibited at similar IC50s. Taken together, the bicyclic imidazoles inhibit cytokine production selectively in a stimulus and cell type independent manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01987633
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA-DRB3 gene alleles in Caucasian patients with Graves' disease (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 956-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Graves' disease ; HLA-DRB3 alleles ; Endocrine ophthalmopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Graves' disease (GD) is a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) linked organ-specific autoimmune disease. In German GD patients the disease is associated with HLA specificities of the HLA-DRw52 family (HLA-DR3, -DR5, and DR6; HLA-DRB3 positive HLA haplotypes). Recently, a strong association with a HLA-DRB3 restriction fragment length polymorphism gene has been described. To study HLA-DRB3 alleles and their association with the disease, a large cohort of controls (n = 3724) and GD patients (n = 304) was analyzed. HLA-DR allelic combinations revealed an increase in HLA-DR3/DR5 heterozygous patients (relative risk 2.9; P〈0.001). HLA-DRB3 alleles, as defined by DNA typing in HLA-DR matched groups revealed a significant increase in DRB3*0101 homozygosity (relative risk 17.5; P〈 0.001) in HLA-DR3 homozygous patients. In GD patients with ophthalmopathy (grade II or higher, according to Werner) DRB3*0101/*0202 heterozygosity revealed an increased relative risk of 5.5 (P〈0.001). Non-HLA-DR3 homozygous, DRB3*0101/*0202 heterozygous patients were at the highest risk for endocrine ophthalmopathy (relative risk 10; P〈0.001). Our data, based on DNA typing methods of HLA-D genes, provide evidence that the susceptibility is strongly associated with HLA-DRB3 genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00180447
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cold rolling on the elastic properties of (Al2O3)p-Al composite (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 28 (1993), S. 1578-1584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Mechanical shaping of an aluminium alloy reinforced with Al2O3 particulates, (Al2O3)p-Al, was carried out by a cold rolling operation. Rolling was performed unidirectionally in a direction perpendicular to the extrusion direction of the composite, until edge cracks formed. Cold rolling was found to cause particulate cracking and interfacial debonding, as wellas the redistribution of (Al2O3)p. These parameters have significant roles in determining the elastic properties of the resultant composite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363352
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