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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 1248-1250 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new technique has been developed to probe the region of apparent bistability due to a tunneling resonance in the characteristic of a semiconductor asymmetric double-barrier structure. The measuring circuit uses a voltage supply designed to have a load line with positive slope, equivalent to a voltage source and negative series resistance. The appearance of bistability and hysteresis in the characteristic is an artifact of the conventional measuring technique, which employs a load line with negative slope. The complete characteristic is found to be a continuous Z-shaped curve between 50 and 150 K, corresponding to tristability. Equivalent circuit models for the device and voltage supply predict a narrow range of circuit parameters for which a static operating point exists inside the tristable region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Ileoanal anastomosis ; Continence ; Anal pressure ; Internal sphincter relaxation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was done to determine the effect of the direct ileal pouch-anal anastomosis upon pressure and sensory components of the anal canal and ileal pouch. These findings were related to postoperative continence. Thirty-three patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (25 continent, eight with episodic minor incontinence) were studied 3±0.3 and 25±5 months after ileostomy takedown. The maximum resting pressure in the anal canal was significantly lower in patients with an imperfect result (35±5 mm Hg) than in continent patients (44±5 mm Hg) (P〈0.05). Postoperatively the maximum squeeze anal pressure was slightly greater in continent than in incontinent patients (99±8 mm Hg vs.87±7 mm Hg) (P〉0.05). The postoperative recto-(ileo-)anal inhibitory reflex was present in 27 percent. The linear correlation between strength of rectal (ileal) distension and depth resp. duration of internal sphincter relaxation as preoperatively observed disappeared postoperatively in every group of patients. Simultaneous measurements of pouch and anal pressure in patients with imperfect results revealed a reduced positive pouch anal pressure gradient compared to the continent group. This low pouch-anal pressure gradient is thought to be responsible for the increased incidence of soiling in some of our patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 5 (1991), S. 953-953 
    ISSN: 1573-7241
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 594 (1991), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nickel titanate, NiTiO3 ; high temperature phase transition ; electrical conductivity ; X-ray ; DTA ; i.r. ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Properties of Titanates with Ilmenite Structure. I. Aspects of a High Temperature Phase Transition in NiTiO3NiTiO3 (Ilmenite structure) shows an anomalous increase of the electrical conductivity in the temperature range between 1 250°C and 1 290°C. The temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient is also found to be anomalous in this region. DTA experiments are consistent with a phase transition; the transition enthalpy was estimated to ΔuHm = 17 ± 3 kJmol-1.NiTiO3 powders and single crystals were quenched from 1 350°C and 1 200°C to room temperature; in principle no differences of the lattice parameters or atomic positions could be detected. The determination of the distribution of cations using x-ray powder methods failt because of strong texture effects. Structure refinements with single crystal methods suggest an ordered Ilmenite structure independent of the quenching temperature.The results are in agreement with a reversible order-disorder transition of higher order. It seems to be impossible to quench the high temperature phase by conventional methods.
    Notes: Nickeltitanat (NiTiO3, Ilmenit-Typ) zeigt im Temperaturbereich zwischen 1 250°C und 1 290°C einen anormalen Anstieg der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit bei gleichzeitiger deutlicher Abnahme der Aktivierungsenergie. Auch die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Seebeck-Koeffizienten verläuft im genannten Temperaturbereich anormal. DTA-Untersuchungen deuten auf einen Phasenübergang hin; die Umwandlungsenthalpie ΔuHm beträgt 17 ± 3 kJ mol-1.Von Temperaturen unterhalb und oberhalb des Anomaliebereiches abgeschreckte Proben (Pulver und Einkristalle) weisen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Gitterkonstanten oder Atomlagen auf. Die Bestimmung der Kationenverteilung mit Hilfe röntgenographischer Pulvermethoden scheiterte am Auftreten starker Textureffekte. Einkristalluntersuchungen zeigen unabhängig von der Abschrecktemperatur eine geordnete Ilmenitstruktur an.Aus den erhaltenen Daten wird auf einen enantiotropen Ordnungs-Unordnungsübergang höherer Ordnung geschlossen, wobei die Hochtemperaturphase als mit den verwendeten Methoden nicht abschreckbar zu betrachten ist.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nickel titanate ; phase transition ; thermodynamic data ; electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Properties of Titanates with Ilmenite Structure. II. Study on the Thermodynamics and the Electrical Conductivity of NiTiO3 and Other Phases with Ilmenite StructureNiTiO3 shows a phase transition at high temperatures (Tc = 1290°C). The standard enthalpy and entrop of the reaction NiO + TiO2 = NiTiO3 was estimated for temperatures above and below the transition temperature using emf-measurements based on the following solid state galvanic cell: Ni,TiO2, NiTiO3|ZrO2(+CaO)|Ni,NiO. The transition enthalpy was found to be 18 ± 2 kJmol-1, The transition entropy is 12 ± 1 JK-1mol-1. This is in good agreement with the calculated entropy change for an order-disorder transition (11.5 JK-1mol-1).The influence of other cations like Mg2+ and Co2+ on the transition temperature was investigated by measurements of the electrical conductivity as a function of composition. Ni1-xMgxTiO3 shows a strong shift of the transition to higher temperatures if a small part of the Ni2+ was replaced by Mg2+. A linear correlation between the temperature shift and the amount of Co2+ was found for Ni1-xCoxTiO3. Thermoanalytical investigations reveal an endothermic peak during the heating period some degrees below the melting point of CoTiO3. The substitution of Ge4+ for Ti4+ is without any influence on the transition temperature. By doping the NiTiO3 with Ga2O3, the anomalous increase of the electrical conductivity with temperature is shifted to lower temperatures.
    Notes: NiTiO3 zeigt bei hohen Temperaturen einen Phasenübergang mit einer kritischen Temperatur von ca. 1290°C. Durch EMK-Messungen mit Hilfe der galvanischen Festkörperkette Ni,Tio2, NiTiO3|ZrO2/(+CaO)|Ni,NiO wurde die Standardreaktionsenthalpie bzw. -entropie der Reaktion NiO + TiO2 = NiTiO3 ober - bzw. unterhalb des Phasenübergangs bestimmt. Die daraus ermittelte molare Umwandlungsenthalpie beträgt 18 ± 2 kJmol-1, die molare Umwandlungsentropie 12 ± 1 JK-1mol-1. Für einen angenommenen Ordnungs-Unordnungsübergang folgt als Änderung der Konfigurationsentropie 11,5 JK-1mol-1, was sehr gut mit dem experimentell bestimmten Wert übereinstimmt.Der Einfluß von zugesetzten Fremdionen auf den Ordnungs-Unordnungsübergang wurde durch Messung der spezifischen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit überprüft. Mischkristalle Ni1-xMgxTiO3 zeigen bereits bei geringen Magnesiumgehalten eine starke Verschiebung des Übergangs zu höheren Temperaturen. Leitfähigkeitsmessungen an Ni1-xCoxTiO3 ergeben einen linearen Zusammenhang zwischen der Lage der Leitfähigkeitsanomalie und dem Cobaltgehalt. Für das reine CoTiO3 sollte der übergang knapp unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes zu beobachten sein, -was durch DTA-Untersuchungen bestätigt werden konnte. Der Ersatz eines Teils des Titans durch Germanium ergibt keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Lage des Phasenübergangs; in Mischkristallen Ni1-xTi1-xGa2xO3 verschiebt sich der anormale Leitfähigkeitsanstieg mit steigendem Galliumgehalt zu tieferen Temperaturen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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