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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of polymer research 1 (1994), S. 205-209 
    ISSN: 1572-8935
    Keywords: Chlor-alkali membrane ; Fatigue fracture behavior ; Fracture mechanics ; da/dN vs. ΔK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fatigue fracture behavior of chlor-alkali monolayer membranes is investigated under a condition similar to the membrane electrolysis cell service environment, i.e., at 86°C in brine solution. The linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach, i.e., da/dN vs. AK, is implemented in this study. It is found that the fatigue crack propagation behavior of the chlor-alkali membranes can be successfully characterized via the LEFM technique. The fatigue fracture surfaces of the membranes are also investigated using stereo-optical microscopy and are found to show typical fatigue striation patterns. Detailed experimental procedures for preparing and testing of the membranes are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 28 (1993), S. 2975-2980 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The double-notch four-point-bend technique (DN-4PB) is developed to study the fracture mechanisms of multiphase polymers. This technique is found to be effective for an unambiguous determination of the fracture mechanisms and the sequence of toughening events of polymer alloys when fracture occurs. The DN-4PB technique is also found to be especially useful for situations where the quantity of the test material is limited and the testing rate is high. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of the DN-4PB technique in a variety of polymeric systems and testing conditions. Requirements for which the DN-4PB technique becomes useful are also addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 28 (1993), S. 6381-6391 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fracture behaviour of two toughened epoxy composite systems was investigated using various microscopy techniques. The Mode I delamination fracture toughness,G IC, Mode II delamination fracture toughness;G IIC, and compression after impact (CAI) strength of these model composite systems were also measured. Under Mode I fracture, it was found that these composites exhibit nearly identical toughening mechanisms to those of the rubber-modified neat resins. The composites differ primarily in having smaller damage zones than the neat resin equivalents. Under Mode II fracture, the typical hackles were found to initiate from inside the resin-rich interlaminar region due to the presence of the toughener particles. The CAI strength, based on the present study as well as the work conducted by others, appeared to be related to, but not necessarily strongly dependent on, the interlaminarG IC andG IIC, the thickness of the interlaminar resin-rich region, and the type of the interlaminar toughener particles. Approaches for improving theG IC,G IIC, and CAI strength of high-performance toughened composites are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1993), S. 1463-1466 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rubber modification ; low crosslink density highT g epoxy ; toughening mechanisms ; double-notch four-point-bend ; fatigue fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fracture behavior of a core-shell rubber (CSR) modified cross-linkable epoxy thermoplastic (CET) system, which exhibits high rigidity, highT g, and low crosslink density characteristics, is examined. The toughening mechanisms in this modified CET system are found to be cavitation of the CSR particles, followed by formation of extended shear banding around the advancing crack. With an addition of only 5 wt.% CSR, the modified CET possesses a greater than five-fold increase in fracture toughness (G IC) as well as greatly improved fatigue crack propagation resistance properties, with respect to those of the neat resin equivalents. The fracture mechanisms observed under static loading and under fatigue cyclic loading are compared and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 3449-3456 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Toughening mechanisms of a polyamide 6,6/polyphenylene oxide alloy containing an elastomer tested under a slow rate, an impact rate, and a low temperature have been investigated using various microscopy techniques. It is found that the toughening mechanisms of the alloy may change from crazing/shear yielding, to crack bridging/crazing, and to transparticle failure, depending on the testing conditions. Except for the low temperature high strain rate testing condition and in the plane stress region of the crack, the crazing mechanism has been observed in all the conditions we studied. When the testing rate is high, the shear yielding mechanism is suppressed; multiple crazing and particle bridging mechanisms appear to dominate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 595-608 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: craze-like damage ; toughening mechanisms ; core-shell rubber ; epoxy ; double-notch four-point-bend technique ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The fracture behavior of a core-shell rubber (CSR) modified epoxy is investigated using both fracture mechanics and microscopy tools. The CSR-modified epoxy is found to be toughened via numerous line-array cavitations of the CSR particles, followed by plastic flow of the epoxy matrix. The toughening effect via the above craze-like damage process is found to be as effective as that of the well-known widespread rubber cavitation/matrix shear yielding mechanisms. The conditions for triggering the craze-like damage appear to be both stress state and rubber concentration dependent. The type of rubber tougheners utilized also plays a critical role in triggering this rather unusual craze-like damage in epoxy systems. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 29 (1991), S. 1623-1631 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyacrlate rubber-modified polymers, staining technique for study of toughening mechanism in ; toughening mechanisms in polyacrylate-rubber polymers, staining technique for study of ; staining with osmium tetraoxide as investigative technique in rubber-modified polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel technique which utilizes a two-stage staining approach, (i.e., styrene absorption followed by osmium tetraoxide staining) is introduced for staining saturated polyacrylate rubbers. This novel staining approach, which stains and hardens polyacrylate rubber, is found to be useful for room temperature microtomy of polyacrylate rubber-modified polymers. Therefore, both the morphology and the crack tip toughening mechanisms of polyacrylate rubber-modified systems can be studied. Details concerning staining time, staining media, and use of solvents are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 793-802 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two-dimensional Finite Element Method simulations, which involve consideration of the nonlinearity of a material, have been conducted to gain understanding about the rigid-rigid polymer toughening concept we proposed. The simulation results for the plane stress condition indicate that as long as the inclusion phase possesses (i) a 60% difference in the tangent modulus from that of the matrix at any given strain level prior to failure or (ii) smaller yield or craze stain than the yield strain of the matrix, then, localized shear yielding will occur around the inclusion. A toughened rigid-rigid polymer alloy system can then be obtained. The plain strain case is also discussed with an implementation of the rigid-rigid polymer toughening concept.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The usefulness of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique in probing the morphology and toughening mechanisms of high performance composite systems is demonstrated. TEM provides an effective study of both the morphology and fracture behavior of graphite fiber reinforced epoxy and for cyanate composite systems. The failure process in these composites can be under stood. The TEM technique introduced here is found to be valuable for both fundamental and developmental research in improving both physical and mechanical properties of high performance composites. The present work focuses on demonstrating how a composite can be successfully prepared for TEM investigations. Experimental procedures concerning identification and isolation of the crack tip damage zoen, followed by cutting, trimming, staining, and thin section of the composite sample are detailed.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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