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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spiders of the genus Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 77 (1988), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Spider ; Cupiennius ; Ctenidae ; Range distribution ; Habitat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cupiennius is a genus of hunting spiders with seven established species. One of these (C. salei) has been used in laboratory research for many years. Here we report on the geographic distribution of the genus and some characteristics of its habitat. (1) The genus is Central American. Its range is from the state of Veracruz in Mexico in the north to Panama in the south. Five of the seven species are known to occur in the Canal Area, Panama. Sympatry is best documented for C. getazi and C. coccineus and is likely to occur in other species. (2) All known species of Cupiennius are closely associated with particular plants on which they hide during the day and prey, court, and moult at night. The most typical dwelling plant such as a bromeliad or a banana plant is a monocotyledon with mechanically strong and unbranched leaves that provide retreats at their bases. On plants not providing “ready-made” shelters, such as ginger or members of the Araceae, several species of Cupiennius have been observed to build retreats. (3) Average monthly rainfall and temperature data are given for six locations where we have recently observed C. coccineus, C. getazi, C. panamensis, and C. salei. According to measurements taken in the field the microclimate within a typical retreat differs considerably from the external environment: during the day the retreat space shows lower aver-age water evaporation rates and higher relative air humidity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379185
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spiders of the genus Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 77 (1988), S. 194-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Sensory ecology ; Spider ; Cupiennius ; Vibratory environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae) is a tropical wandering spider which lives in close association with a particular type of plant (see companion paper). These plants are the channels through which the spiders receive and emit various types of vibrations. We measured the vibrations the spiders are typically exposed to when they sit on their dwelling plants (banana plant, bromeliad) in their natural biotope in Central America. In addition a laboratory analysis was carried out to get an approximate idea of the complex vibration-propagating properties of the dwelling plants, taking a banana plant as an example. (1) Types of vibrations (Figs. 1–4). Despite variability in detail there are characteristic differences in spectral composition between the vibrations of various abiotic and biotic origins: (a) Vibrations due to wind are very low frequency phenomena. Their frequency spectra are conspicuously narrow with prominent peaks close to or, more often, below 10 Hz. Vibrations due to raindrops show maximal acceleration values at ca. 1000 Hz. Their frequency band at-20 dB extends up to ca. 250 Hz where-as that of the vibrations due to wind extends to only ca. 50 Hz. (b) The frequency spectra of prey vibrations such as those generated by a running cockroach are typically broad-banded and contain high frequencies; they have largest peaks mostly between ca. 400 and 900 Hz. Their-20 dB frequency bands usually extend from a few Hz to ca. 900 Hz. Some potential prey animals such as grass-hoppers seem to be vibrocryptic; they walk by the spider as if unnoticed. Their “cautious” gait leads to only weak vibrations at very low frequencies resembling the background noise due to wind. Courtship signals are composed maily of low frequencies, intermediate between background noise and prey vibrations (male: prominent peaks at ca. 75 Hz and ca. 115 Hz; female: dominant frequencies between ca. 20 Hz and ca. 50 Hz). The male signal is composed of “syllables” and differs from all other vibrations studied here by being temporally highly ordered. A comparison with previous electrophysiological studies suggests that the high pass characteristics of the vibration receptors enhance the signal-to-(abiotic)-noise ratio and that the vibration-sensitive interneurons so far examined and found to have band pass characteristics are tuned to the frequencies found in the vibrations of biotic origin. (2) Signal propagation (Fig. 5). In terms of frequency-dependent attenuation of vibrations the banana plant is well suited for transmitting the above signals. Average attenuation values are ca. 0.35 dB/cm. Together with known data on vibration receptor sensitivity this explains the range of courtship signals of more than 1 m observed in behavioral studies. Attenuation in the plant is neither a monotonic function of frequency nor of distance from the signal source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379186
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of diastereomeric 2-substituted cyclohexanamines with three chirality centres by 13C NMR spectroscopy (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 26 (1988), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 13C NMR ; optically active cyclohexanamines ; diestereomeric 2-methyl-N-(1-phenylethyl) cyclohexamines ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 13C NMR spectra of optically active primary and secondary 2-substituted cyclohexanamines were measured and the chemical shifts were unequivocally assigned. Similar studies were made with four diastereomeric 2-methyl-N-(1-phenylethyl)cyclohexanamines with three chirality centres.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260260110
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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