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  • 1
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nikotinamid-Coenzym-Modelle, II. Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-N,N′-dimethyl[2.2](2,5)pyridiniophan-diiodide: Darstellung, Struktur und Reduktion zu halbreduzierten SystemenAusgehend von den Pyridinophanen 1-4(1), die jeweils zwei Nikotinsäureester-Einheiten in den vier verschiedenen Orientierungsmöglichkeiten enthalten, wurden durch doppelte Quartärsalzbildung die entsprechenden Pyridiniophan-diiodide 7-10 erhalten. UV- und 1H-NMR-Spektren dieser [2.2]Paracyclophane mit zwei positiven Ringladungen werden diskutiert; die Molekülstruktur des von 7 abgeleiteten Diperchlorats wurde durch Röntgen-Strukturanalyse bestimmt.  -  Durch Natriumdithionit-Reduktion des Pyridinium-Salzes 5, das ein analoges Substitutionsmuster wie 7-10 hat, wurde die entsprechende 1,4-Dihydro-Verbindung 6 erhalten. 7 reagierte mit Natriumdithionit jedoch zu dem doppelten 1,2-Dihydropyridin-System 15, das mit Maleinsäureanhydrid das 1:2-Addukt 16 ergab. Ein Zugang zu der gewünschten Reihe der halbreduzierten 1,4-Dihydroderivate 11-14 wurde in der Reaktion mit 6 als Reduktionsmittel gefunden. Für 11 und 14 werden die UV/VIS- und 1H-NMR-Spektren angegeben. Aus ersten Spin-Sättigungsübertragungs-1H-NMR-Versuchen wird geschlossen, daß bei 14 ein intramolekularer Austausch von Redox-Äquivalenten stattfindet, während dies unter denselben Bedingungen für das Isomere 11 nicht beobachtet wird.
    Notes: From the pyridinophanes 1-4(1) which consist of two nicotinic ester units in the four different orientations possible, by diquaternization the corresponding pyridiniophane diiodides 7-10 were obtained. UV and 1H NMR spectra of these [2.2]paracyclophanes with two positive ring charges are discussed; the molecular structure of the diperchlorate derived from 7 was determined by X-ray structure analysis.  -  By sodium dithionite reduction the pyridinium salt 5 with an analogous substitution pattern as 7-10 was reduced to the corresponding 1,4-dihydro compound 6. 7 reacted with sodium dithionite, however, to the double 1,2-dihydropyridine system 15 which yielded with maleic anhydride the 1:2-adduct 16. Access to the wanted series of semi-reduced 1,4-dihydro derivatives 11-14 was obtained by the reaction with 6 as the reducing reagent. For 11 and 14 the UV/VIS and 1H NMR spectra are reported. From first spin saturation transfer 1H NMR experiments it is concluded that in 14 an intramolecular exchange of redox-equivalents occurs whereas for the isomer 11 this is not observed under the same conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nikotinamid-Coenzym-Modelle, I.  -  Synthese und Molekülstruktur von vier isomeren Bis(methoxycarbonyl)[2.2](2,5)pyridinophaneAls Nikotinamid-Coenzym-Modelle wurden die [2.2](2,5)Pyridinophane 3-6 dargestellt, die jeweils zwei in Wechselwirkung stehende Nikotinester-Einheiten in den vier verschiedenen möglichen Orientierungen enthalten. 3-6 wurden durch photolytische Schwefel-Extrusion aus den entsprechenden Dithia[3.3](2,5)pyridinophanen 18-21 erhalten, deren Synthesen beschrieben werden.  -  Die Molekülstruktur wurde für alle vier Isomeren 3-6 durch Röntgen-Strukturanalyse bestimmt. Die sterischen Wechselwirkungen und einige spektroskopische Eigenschaften werden auf der Grundlage der Strukturbestimmungen diskutiert.
    Notes: As nicotinamide coenzyme models the [2.2](2,5)pyridinophanes 3-6 were prepared which consist of two interacting nicotinic ester units in the four different orientations possible. 3-6 were obtained by photolytic sulfur extrusion from the corresponding dithia-[3.3](2,5)pyridinophanes 18-21 the syntheses of which are described.  -  The molecular structures for all four isomers 3-6 were determined by X-ray analysis. The sterical interactions and some spectroscopic properties of these compounds are discussed on the basis of the structure determinations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 865-879 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Proton sponges ; Hydrogen bonds ; Amines ; Basicity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Certain aromatic diamines (the “proton sponges”) are found to have exceptionally high basicity constants: this is due to spatial interaction of the basic centers, which are in close proximity. The two factors which are most important in causing this effect are, on the one hand, the extreme steric strain in these systems and the destabilizing effect of the overlap of the nitrogen lone pairs of the neutral diamines and, on the other, the strong NċHċN hydrogen bonds which are formed on monoprotonation and which lead to a considerable relaxation of the steric strain. By the systematic variation of the structures of such aromatic diamines we have been able to study these effects as a function of steric factors, in particular of the geometry and the bond length of the NċHċN hydrogen bonds, by means of X-ray structural analysis. The hydrophobic shielding of the basic centers and the NċHċN hydrogen bonds, which was characteristic of the “proton sponge” compounds studied previously, is indeed responsible for the extremely low rate of protonation and deprotonation of these compounds; however, it apparently has no influence on their high thermodynamic basicity. The recent synthesis and basicity determination of a new type of “proton sponge” with no hydrophobic shielding whatever show that not only very strong but also kinetically active bases are accessible using the “proton sponge” concept. Their unusual properties, which are discussed here as the result of steric interactions between two basic centers, provide examples of the fact that cooperative steric interactions of reactive structural elements can lead to properties which cannot be derived from an isolated consideration of the various functional groups. Such “proximity effects” are certainly of general importance in chemistry and biochemistry; the study of their structure-function relationships is worthy of closer consideration.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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