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  • 1980-1984  (5)
  • Food deprivation  (2)
  • Pelargonium  (2)
  • Ethanol
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of feeding conditions on drug-reinforced behavior: Maintenance at reduced body weight versus availability of food (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 68 (1980), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Etonitazene reinforcement ; Oral selfadministration ; Food deprivation ; Food access ; Concurrent schedules ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent research has shown that food deprivation increases drug self-administration in rats and rhesus monkeys. The purpose of the present study was to examine two variables related to this food-deprivation effect: maintenance of rats at reduced body weights and the absence of food. Etonitazene HCl was established as a reinforcer orally for 12 rats according to procedures previously used in experiments reported by this laboratory. Lever-pressing behavior was maintained under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules during daily 1-h sessions by etonitazene or water, which were available either concurrently or on alternating days. In the first experiment, six rats were maintained at 75% of their free-feeding weights. The effect of presenting the daily food allotment at 23, 4, 2, 1, or 0 h before their daily drug or water self-administration session was studied. When the rats were fed 23, 4, or 2 h before the session, etonitazene dipper presentations were at maximum levels and were substantially higher than for water. When the rats were fed during (0) or 1 h before the session, the number of etonitazene dipper presentations was lower, but it exceeded those for water. Under conditions of complete food satiation (0 h deprived-100% body weight), etonitazene and water dipper presentations were both low, and there were no differences between them. In the second experiment, six rats maintained at 75% of their free-feeding weights were trained to respond for etonitazene or water on alternating days. When they were subsequently food satiated (100% body weight), drug- and water-maintained behavior decreased to low levels. These rats were then deprived of food for 4 or 16 h before their daily 1-h session, and responding did not increase. Body weight did not decrease below 100%. These results suggest that maintenance at reduced body weight rather than the absence of food is the determinant of increased rates of drug-reinforced behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432128
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of increased drug self-administration due to food deprivation (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 74 (1981), S. 197-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug self-administration ; Food deprivation ; Etonitazene ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in oral etonitazene self-administration were compared in four groups of rats that were maintained at 100, 95, 85, or 75% of their pre-experimental free-feeding body weights. Etonitazene (5 μg/ml) or water was available for 16 h according to a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule. Each liquid delivery (0.1 ml) was contingent upon a lever-press response. During food deprivation etonitazene intake gradually increased to over two-fold as body weights decreased over 25 sessions; etonitazene intake was inversely proportional to body weight. The 75% weight group showed stereotypy, self-mutilation and large variability in daily etonitazene intake. In another experiment a range of deprivation conditions was studied in a group of six rats with etonitazene (5 μg/ml) or water available on an FR 8 schedule during 1-h sessions. When the rats were gradually food satiated, etonitazene-maintained behavior declined but remained higher than water-maintained behavior; however, when they were abruptly food satiated, etonitazene-maintained behavior decreased to low levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427092
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of the selectivity of fenmetozole (DH-524) reversal of ethanol-induced changes in central nervous system function (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 69 (1980), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Fenmetozole ; Ethanol ; Aerial righting reflex ; Conflict behavior ; Guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate ; Physical dependence ; Physiological antagonism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The selectivity and specificity of fenmetozole (DH-524) [2(3,4-dichlorophenoxy-methy))2-imidazole HCl] as an antagonist of the actions of ethanol were examined. Fenmetozole (15–30 g/kg) reduced ethanol-induced impairment of the aerial righting reflex without changing blood or brain ethanol content, indicating that the antagonistic actions of fenmetozole were not due to change in the pharmacokinetics of ethanol. Since fenmetozole also reduced aerial righting reflex impairment due to phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, and halothane, this action of fenmetozole was not specific to ethanol. In mice, both the ethanolinduced increase in locomotor activity at 2.0 g/kg and the decrease caused by 4.0 g/kg were antagonized by fenmetozole. In addition, fenmetozole attenuated the ethanol-induced reduction in cerebellar cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content, but the drug also significantly elevated cGMP levels in this tissue when given alone. Fenmetozole did not alter ethanolinduced increases in punished drinking in a conflict test, except at a high dose which alone decreased both punished and unpunished responding. Fenmetozole also failed to precipitate ethanol withdrawal-like reactions when given to physically-dependent, intoxicated rats. Thus, the antagonistic action of fenmetozole against ethanol would not seem to be related to a specific receptor interaction but rather may be the result of a physiological antagonism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427641
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetical studies of fertilization in Pelargonium × Hortorum Bailey (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pelargonium ; embryo ; fertilization ; pollen tube
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The 6×6×4 analysis of variance of the mean percentage fertilization for six variegated cultivars of Pelargonium × Hortorum Bailey, with mutant plastids in their germ layers, and for their isogenic green clones, shows highly significant differences between plastids and between female cultivars, while differences between male cultivars and the cultivar plastid interactions are much less significant. The suggestive maternal effect is not significant. The differences between cultivars and between plastids are attributed to additive effects corresponding to additive gene action. A comparison between the mean fertilization for mid-parents and their reciprocal sets of progeny shows a significant linear regression which is equated with the narrow heritability. The net fertilization achieved for each cultivar is thought to reflect small differences in the balance between the drive of pollen tubes down the style and the strength of their inhibition by already fertilized ovules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033681
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetical studies of embryo survival and embryo breakdown in Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 881-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pelargonium × hortorum ; Pelargonium ; fertilization ; embryo survival ; plastid crosses ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The 6×6×4 analysis of variance of the mean percentage embryo survival for six variegated cultivars of Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey, with mutant plastids in their germ layers, and for their isogenic green (G) clones, shows highly significant differences between females (81 to 91 per cent) and between plastid crosses (83 to 91 per cent). Between cultivar differences are attributed largely to additive effects corresponding to additive gene action, and between plastid differences to a lower survival after crosses with white (W) males than with green males. The relationship between overall fertility (% fertilization × survival) and plastid crosses is a stepwise decline in the order G×G〉G×W〉W×G〉W×W (28 to 19 per cent) in which the white embryos growing in a white mother are approximately 30 per cent less fertile than the green embryos in a green mother. The non-surviving embryos are classified into empty, undeveloped and dwarf embryos and submitted to a 6×4 analysis of variance after summing through males. The significant heterogeneity between females is attributed largely to a difference between one cultivar-with a high frequency of dwarf and a low frequency of undeveloped embryos-and the other five cultivars. The absence of a significant plastid effect upon any stage of embryo breakdown indicates that the depressive effect of white plastids is spread evenly throughout development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038819
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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