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  • 1980-1984  (10)
  • Physics  (10)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XXVI. Poly(p-phenylene): Friedel-crafts alkylation, molecular weight, and propagation mechanism (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 19 (1981), S. 89-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(p-phenylene) was alkylated with n-propyl bromide, n-propyl chloride, and isopropyl bromide in the presence of aluminum chloride. Apparently, the reactions involve dialkylation with n-propyl halides and alternating mono- and dialkylation with isopropyl bromide. Alkylation with ethyl or n-butyl bromide was unsuccessful. The dialkylated polymer was sufficiently soluble to allow molecular weight determination. Mechanistic aspects of alkylation and propagation are treated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.170190110
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XXIII. Investigation of oligomer and pyrrole red from pyrrole and trichloroacetic acid (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 1759-1770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A reinvestigation of the oligomerization of pyrrole by trichloroacetic acid was carried out to establish the structure of the product. Comparison of spectral data with those of model compounds suggests that the oligomer is best represented by I. Further comparison was made to the known trimer I, dimer V, and other substituted pyrroles and pyrrolidines. In addition, microanalytical and molecular weight data were obtained. Structure I is in disagreement with that of Wassermann et al., who proposed the presence of units possessing aliphatic unsaturation for the same product. Mechanistic aspects are discussed. A limited study was carried out with pyrrole red.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180610
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of polythienylenes (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 2617-2628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Although polymerization of 2,5-dibromothiophene via coupling of the Grignard reagent with organonickel salts was reported in two earlier communications, a detailed examination of reaction variables was not done. This report provides results from variation in the following: time, amount of magnesium, amount of iodine, dilution, and variation in the halide of the monomer. The highest yield was obtained for reactions with 1:1 molar ratio of monomer to magnesium in more concentrated solutions of tetrahydrofuran for a reaction time of 4 h. For variation in the halogen of the monomer the following yield sequence was obtained: I 〉 Br 〉 Cl. The results are compared with the corresponding benzenoid system investigated by Yamamoto. In addition, polymerization studies were carried out with other brominated thiophene monomers. Use of an organic promoter (cis-1,4-dichloro-2-butene) in place of a nickel salt proved successful in the generation of poly(2,5-thienylene).
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210902
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XXV. ESR and chemical studies on the radical cation nature of poly(p-phenylene) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 19 (1981), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radical cation nature of poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) was examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) and chemical means. ESR studies revealed a radical concentration of 1.0 × 1021 spins/g for the crude polymer. Workup with aqueous acid decreased the value to 1.5 × 1018 spins/g. Reactions of the polymer with certain nucleophiles followed the half-regeneration mechanism, whereas with others, electron transfer mainly occurred. The origin of halogen in the polymer was found to arise from reaction of the radical cation with the oxidant, and not with halide during workup. Oxidation of PPP with various species increased the concentration of radical cations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.170190202
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of aromatic polymers (benzenoid and heterocyclic) by cross-polarization, magic-angle 13C-NMR spectroscopy (1982)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 20 (1982), S. 1697-1707 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cross-polarization, magic-angle 13C-NMR spectra of solid samples of poly(p-phenylene), its nitro derivative, polymerized biphenyl, poly(p-phenylene sulfide), poly(1-methyl-2,5-pyrrolylene), poly(1-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolylene), poly(2,5-thienylene), and poly(2,5-selenienylene) and the high-resolution 13C-NMR spectrum of poly(m-phenylene) in solution are presented and assigned. In all cases the chemical shifts are similar to those of model compounds in solution. In most instances the resonances of the nonprotonated carbon atoms in the solid polymers are more intense than those of the protonated carbons and appear to depend on the charge distribution in the molecular orbitals.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.170200704
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second moments of ESR signals from poly(p-phenylene) and the deuterated analog (1982)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 20 (1982), S. 3305-3312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The second moments of the ESR signals obtained from poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) and deuterated PPP were measured at 9.5 and 35 GHz. The theoretical and experimental contributions to the second moments were considered. It is shown that for deuterated PPP, deuteron hyperfine splitting makes a negligible contribution to the observed second moment. The proton hyperfine contributions to the second moments of the radical species in PPP and p-sexiphenyl were estimated and it was concluded that the unpaired electron was delocalized over only 2-4 phenylene units. A rationale is offered in terms of polarons present as defects in the PPP chains.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.170201205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oligomers from biphenyl, biphenyl-d10, or p-terphenyl with aluminium chloride-cupric chloride: Mechanism, ESR, and conductivity (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 457-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Biphenyl and biphenyl-d10 were coupled by aluminum chloride-cupric chloride. For the two systems, the yields of p-quaterphenyl, p-sexiphenyl, and sublimation residue were compared. The results, which have mechanistic significance, are similar to those reported earlier for benzene versus benzene-d6; that is, a decrease in DP for the deuterated substrate. p-Sexiphenyl, obtained from biphenyl or p-terphenyl and aluminum chloride-cupric chloride, displayed a concentration of 3 × 1017 spins/g in ESR. There was little or no change in spin density after sublimation or crystallization. Even after drastic purification by a variety of techniques the radical character persisted. Biphenyl was polymerized by aluminum chloride-cupric chloride at temperatures in the 50-155°C range. Processable polymers with m- and p-phenylene linkages were produced. When doped with AsF5, the highest conductivity obtained was 7.3 × 10-2 Ω-1 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210215
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XXVII. ESR studies on polymers and oligomers from reaction of benzenoid and naphthalene monomers with lewis acid catalyst-oxidant systems (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 19 (1981), S. 973-984 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chlorobenzene and toluene were polymerized with aluminum chloride-cupric chloride to produce materials that consist mainly of poly(o-phenylene) structures. These species exhibited radical cation concentrations comparable to that of poly(p-phenylene). Polymerization of naphthalene and 1-chloronaphthalene with aluminum chloride-cupric chloride or ferric chloride-water also resulted in products with high radical cation concentrations. Polynuclear structures may be responsible for the paramagnetic character; alternatively, p-quinoidal moieties may be present in naphthalenes. The depth of color in the samples is directly related to the concentration of radical cations.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.170190411
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of poly(p-phenylene)s and the perdeuterated analog (1982)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 20 (1982), S. 3313-3323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ESR data for poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) prepared from benzene and catalyst-oxidant systems were compared with data for PPP obtained by a variety of other methods. The results were similar, except for the Yamamoto preparation, and comparable to the spin densities for heterocyclic polymers of thiophene, pyrrole, and selenophene. Deuterated PPP from C6D6 showed significant differences in properties, in comparison to ordinary PPP, in relation to molecular weight, color, solubility, and spins/g in electron spin resonance (ESR). The implications are discussed with regard to the mechanism of benzene polymerization by AlCl3-CuCl2.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.170201206
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XXIV. Investigation of oligomer and polymer from furan and trichloroacetic acid (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2423-2436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A reinvestigation of the oligomeric and polymeric products obtained from furan and trichloroacetic acid was carried out to establish their structures. Comparison of spectral data with those of authentic materials indicated that the major oligomeric products are IV and V. The ratio of the products IV:V was 1:52. Comparison of the polymeric material with IV and V suggests that V is the primary component of the larger chains. In addition, microanalytical and molecular weight data were obtained. These findings are in disagreement with the structural designation of Wassermann et al., who proposed the presence of units that possessed aliphatic unsaturation (I), and of Kresta and Livingston, who put forth structure III for the same product. Mechanistic aspects are discussed. A limited study was carried out on insoluble polyfuran which was isolated from the reaction of furan with hydrochloric acid.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.170180802
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