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  • 1980-1984  (8)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Safety of Water Disinfection (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Public Health 3 (1982), S. 393-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0163-7525
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.03.050182.002141
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel method for indexing multiple diffraction peaks (1982)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 15 (1982), S. 570-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is proposed for unambiguously indexing X-ray multiple diffraction patterns obtained with irregularly shaped crystals on a four-circle diffractometer. The method is derived from the orientation matrix together with the operation of crystal rotation. It is shown that this method facilitates the procedures in the experimental method for phase determination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889882012606
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment for the intensity problem of n-beam kinematical reflections in a dynamical formalism (1982)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 38 (1982), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The use of exponential functions as an approximation for reflection powers leads the intensity problem of n-beam kinematical diffraction to an eigenvalue problem. It is solved in the way similar to an n-beam Borrmann dynamical diffraction problem. Besides the intensities of Bragg-reflected beams, the excitation of modes concerning the intensity attenuation is also calculated for highly absorbing infinitely thick crystals. Experiments of multiple reflection from GaAs, InAs and InP single crystals for Cu Kα radiation were carried out. Comparison between the experimental and calculated reflected intensities for several 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 8-beam cases are given and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739482000084
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of a centrosymmetric crystal structure using experimentally determined phases with the direct method (1983)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 39 (1983), S. 98-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The relation Sp = SL SR between the signs of the triplet phase products Sp, the multiple diffraction line profiles SL and the crystal lattice rotations SR is applied to the structure determination of a centrosymmetric Cs10Ga6Se14 crystal [space group C2/m, a = 18.233 (7), b = 12.889 (5), c = 9.668 (3) Å, β = 108.2°, z = 2]. This structure could not be solved by the ordinary MULTAN program, including MUL TAN-80. From the profile analysis of the multiple diffraction pattern of 311 using a four-circle single-crystal diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation, 12 phase relations among closely linked reflections are determined. Four possible sets of 14 reflection phases are deduced. Using these four sets as the starting phases for MULTAN-74, 225 correct phases are developed. The final E map shows all the atomic positions of Cs, Ga and Se. The structure refinement gives R = 0.047, Rw = 0.053 [1907 reflections with I 〉 2σ(I)]. Details about the procedure are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767383000185
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical consideration of experimental methods for X-ray phase determination using multiple diffraction (1982)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 38 (1982), S. 516-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Previously reported experimental methods for X-ray phase determination are analyzed using the plane-wave dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction. The relation between the dispersion surface and the phases are considered as well as the influence of the crystal rotation relative to the Ewald sphere on the diffraction line profile. It is shown that the phase information obtained from the intensity of three-beam Borrmann diffraction may get lost due to crystal thickness effects. Three-beam Bragg reflections, either Umweg or Aufhellung, give optimal conditions to reveal the phases, provided that the relative rotation of the additional reciprocal-lattice point entering or leaving the Ewald sphere is known. With the exception of special situations, N-beam cases with N 〉 3 are found not to be suitable for phase determination, since they involve high-order phase products and thus complicate the experimental determination of the phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739482001107
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A practical application of experimentally determined X-ray phases applied to the direct method (1982)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 38 (1982), S. 414-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The experimental method for the direct determination of phases, proposed by Chang [Appl. Phys. (1981), A26, 221-226; Phys. Rev. Lett. (1982), 48, 163-166], utilizing the coherent interaction of diffracted X-ray beams according to the dynamical theory in a three-beam multiple Bragg reflection, is applied to the crystal structure of diamond by using an irregularly shaped crystal on a conventional four-circle single-crystal diffractometer. The phases of three reflections can be derived from the signs of three triplet-phase products which are obtained experimentally from three multiple-reflection line profiles. Using these phases as a starting set for the direct method, the phases of other reflections are obtained. The computing time for the MULTAN program is therefore drastically reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739482000941
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous Bragg diffraction of X-rays from liquid-phase epitaxial thin films (1981)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 37 (1981), S. 876-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Multiple simultaneous Bragg diffraction effects of X-rays in quaternary III-V liquid-phase epitaxial thin layers are investigated with both photographic and counter detection methods. For the photographic investigation, a divergent source is used. The geometric aspects of this type of diffraction, affected by lattice mismatch between epitaxial layers and substrates, are discussed for cases involving five-, six- and eight-beam reflections. The lattice mismatches in directions parallel and perpendicular to the interface normal of InGaAsP/ InP, determined from a single divergent-beam photograph, are obtained. For the counter detection study, a collimated incident beam and several single and double heterojunction samples, with large lattice mismatches are used. A kinematical treatment for a general n-beam diffraction, from double- and triple-layer systems, is derived to account for the measured intensities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739481001903
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From bone lining cell to osteocyte - an SEM study (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 209 (1984), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We describe the SEM appearance of the rat endosteal bone lining cell (BLC) population, and the sequence of morphological changes of these cells as they self-incorporate into unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid), establish intercellular connections, and construct lacunae. The osteoblast/nascent osteocyte series was progressively unsheathed by gentle digestion of the osteoid with 0.25% collagenase. The osteoblasts which leave the polygonally packed BLC compartment rapidly develop numerous complexly branched processes that contact the processes elaborated by previous generations of maturing and mature osteocytes. As osteoblasts mature and approach the mineralization front, they appear to lose processes. The mature cells begin to form osteocyte lacunae by depositing an asymmetric perimeter of woven collagen fibrils, such that as the cells roof-over, the lacunae appear as pocketlike constructions. The collagen fibrils on the perilacunar matrix are oriented in a tangential or circular pattern, while those in the more distal matrix are arranged in a parallel pattern. With the completion of a lacuna, its wall appears to mineralize quickly, for lacunae could be recognized only when they are forming.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092090105
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