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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 351-358 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cloxacillin ; flucloxallin ; maternal — fetal distribution ; whole blood levels ; erythrocyte content ; plasma binding ; bilirubin effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of cloxacillin and flucloxacillin in whole blood from seven newborn infants and their mothers was determined in vitro by equilibrium dialysis at 37°C. Seven healthy, non-pregnant women of reproductive age served as controls. The distribution of the penicillins to erythrocytes was the same in the infants as in the adults. It was significantly lower in the presence of plasma albumin than when plasma was replaced by isotonic phosphate buffer. The plasma protein binding of cloxacillin and flucloxacillin in 22 infants was significantly lower than in the controls, but was slightly higher than in the mothers. A significant correlation between binding of cloxacillin and flucloxacillin in the same individual suggested that the two drugs were bound to similar sites. During the first postnatal week binding in infant plasma decreased. This change was correlated with an increase in the bilirubin levels. In the mothers, the binding increased during the first week after delivery. On the basis of the distribution data, maternal to fetal plasma and whole blood concentration ratios at equilibrium were calculated. These ratios were lower for flucloxacillin (medians 0.770 and 0.821, respectively) than for cloxacillin 0.996 and 1.094). Accordingly, at equilibrium somewhat higher levels of flucloxacillin should appear on the fetal than on the maternal side, whereas the concentrations of cloxacillin would be expected to be approximately the same.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: fluoride ; renal clearance ; urinary pH ; fluoride kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five healthy subjects were each given fluoride 3.0 mg (F) as sodium fluoride tablets on two occasions — during production of acid urine, induced by giving NH4Cl, and during production of alkaline urine obtained by giving NaHCO3. Frequent plasma and urine samples were taken up to 12 h and were analyzed with a F− sensitive electrode. Control experiments without F administrations were also performed to permit calculation of net F concentration in plasma and urine. The urine F excretion was lower during acid than alkaline diuresis. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the net plasma F concentrations showed that the apparent plasma half-life of F was longer when urine was acid (4.3±0.6 h: SD; n=5) than when it was alkaline (2.4±0.4 h). This could be explained by changes in the renal clearance of F, which was always lower with an acid (61.5±8.1 ml/min) than an alkaline (97.8±10.4 ml/min) urine. The apparent extra-renal clearance, which mainly represents clearance to the bone-pool, was also significantly higher during production of alkaline (109.2±20.2 ml/min) than of acid (86.3±21.3 ml/min) urine. It is suggested, that increased reabsorption of non-ionic hydrogen fluoride (HF) is responsible for the decreased renal clearance during acidic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 175-179 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pethidine ; norpethidine ; analgesic ; singledose kinetics ; plasma concentrations ; drug disposition ; geriatric patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pethidine was given as a single intravenous dose for premedication before minor surgery. Two groups of subjects were studied, old patients aged more than 65 years, and young patients aged 18–30 years. Blood samples were taken at fixed intervals for 30 h after the injection, and the plasma concentrations of pethidine and its major metabolite norpethidine were analyzed by gas chromatography. In comparison with the young the old patients had a lower plasma clearance for pethidine (9.13±2.50 versus 16.18±5.15 ml/min/kg), slower elimination rate β (0.101±0.036 versus 0.211±0.146), and a larger AUC (1935±554 versus 1092±277 h · ng/ml) but a similar volume of distribution (5.69±1.54 versus 5.38±1.75 l/kg). Norpethidine appeared later and reached its peak concentration later in the old patients than in the young. In several old patients it was still present at a plateau level after 30 h. The present study emphasizes that both parent drug and active metabolite must be taken into consideration when drug therapy is evaluated. The data do not provide pharmacokinetic support for a reduction in the dose of pethidine if it is given as a single intravenous dose. However, when repeatedly administered, it is advisable to reduce the total daily dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 385-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: sulpiride ; pharmacokinetics ; serum clearance ; renal clearance ; bioavailability ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulpiride was studied in 6 healthy volunteers after intravenous and oral (tablets) administration of 100 mg. An open two- and in two subjects a three-compartment model was applied following intravenous administration. The average total distribution volume during the terminal slope was 2.72±0.66 l/kg and total systemic clearance was 415±84 ml/min. The serum half-life of the terminal slope following intravenous administration averaged 5.3 h (range 3.7–7.1 h) according to the two-compartment model. In two subjects the half-lives were 11.0 and 13.9 h when the three-compartment model was applied. Determination of urinary excretion rates of unchanged sulpiride indicated a half-life of 7.15 h. Following intravenous administration, 70±9% of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine within 36 h; the mean renal clearance was 310±91 ml/min. Sulpiride was absorbed slowly, with peak concentrations appearing between 3 and 6 h after oral administration. The recovery of unchanged drug in urine following oral administration was 15±5% of the dose, with a mean renal clearance of 223±47 ml/min. The bioavailability determined from combined plasma and urine data was only 27±9%. The low bioavailability was probably due to incomplete absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 457-461 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: geriatrics ; pethidine ; drug disposition in blood ; erythrocytes ; age effect ; plasma protein binding ; red cell binding ; intracellular concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of3H-pethidine in whole blood was compared in old (63–86 years;n=11) and young (19–25 years,n=12) subjects using equilibrium dialysis. The plasma protein binding was 52.7±3.3% (mean ± SD) in the old subjects and 51.8±3.1% in the young; the difference was not statistically significant. Studies on isolated plasma protein fractions showed that the main pethidine-binding protein wasα 1-acid glycoprotein. Accordingly, the degree of pethidine binding is likely to be affected by inflammatory disease rather than by age. The distribution of pethidine to blood cells showed no age-related difference; the ratio between whole blood and plasma concentrations was 0.99 in old and 0.98 in young subjects. In whole blood from old and young subjects, 43% and 41% of pethidine was present in erythrocytes, 27% and 26% in plasma water whereas 30% and 29% was bound to plasma proteins. The mean ratio between pethidine in cells and plasma water (2.01) indicates binding of the drug in or on the blood cells. These in vitro results do not support the previous theory that a decrease in intracellular pethidine distribution in old age was the reason for the reported higher plasma levels. A slower elimination rate remains the most likely explanation for the increased plasma concentration of pethidine in old patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; Phenytoin ; Biologic availability ; Absorption ; Biopharmaceutics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Blutspiegelkurven von zwei Phenytoinpräparaten (ein konventionelles Phenytoinsäurepräparat und ein mikrokristallinisches Phenytoinsäurepräparat) wurden nach Einfachadministration und während Gleichgewichtstherapie in vier gesunden männlichen Versuchspersonen bestimmt. Die relative biologische Verfügbarkeit für die konventionelle Tablette im Vergleich zu der mikrokristallinischen Tablette war im Bereich von 48% zu 95% während Gleichgewichtsadministration. Das mikrokristallinische Präparat wurde, wie erwartet, schneller absorbiert. Während Gleichgewichtes war aber diese Absorptionsgeschwindigkeit mit bedeutenden Schwingungen in der Plasmakonzentration während des Dosierungsintervalles verbunden. Die maximale Plasmakonzentration war etwa 50% höher als der Wert am Anfang des Dosierungsintervalles (12 h), wenn das mikrokristallinische Produkt administriert wurde. Der entsprechende Wert war nur etwa 25% für die konventionelle Tablette. Da aufwärtsgerichtete Schwingungen in Plasmakonzentration mit Nebenwirkungen assoziiert werden können, ist die mehr ebene Blutspiegelkurve des konventionellen Produktes klinisch vorteilhafter. Eine verbesserte Geschwindigkeit (rate of bioavailability) ist keine klinische Verbesserung, wenn sie mit größeren Schwingungen in Plasmakonzentration während des Dosierungsintervalles verbunden ist.
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of two phenytoin products (a conventional phenytoin acid preparation and a microcrystalline form of phenytoin acid) were studied after single dose administration and during steady-state conditions in four healthy male volunteers. Relative bioavailability for the conventional tablet in comparison with the microcrystalline was in the range of 48–80% during single dose administration and in the range 54–95% at steady-state. The microcrystalline preparation gave, as expected, a higher rate of absorption. During steady-state conditions, however, this higher rate of absorption was associated with considerable fluctuations in plasma concentration during the dosage interval. The mean maximum plasma concentration was about 50% higher than the value at the beginning of the dose interval (2-dose concentration value) when the microcrystalline product was administered. The corresponding figure was only about 25% for the conventional tablet. Since upward fluctuations in plasma concentrations may be associated with side effects, the more even level obtained with the conventional product may be an advantage from the clinical point of view. An increased rate of bioavailability is not a clinical improvement if it occurs at the expense of greater fluctuations in plasma concentration during the dose interval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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