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  • 1
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    A Hintikka Possible Worlds Model for Certainty Levels in Medical Decision Making (1981)
    Dordrecht : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Synthese. 48:1 (1981:juli) 87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0039-7857
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:7609-1981-048-01-000004
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three paradoxes of medical diagnosis (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical medicine and bioethics 2 (1981), S. 197-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1200
    Keywords: Medical diagnosis ; Paradox ; Certainty levels ; Symbolic logic ; Consistency ; Logic of medicine ; Automated diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Sadegh-zadeh [23] has proposed a theory of the relativity of medical diagnosis in terms of the time at which a diagnosis is accepted, the patient to whom the diagnosis applies, the physician who renders the diagnosis, the medical knowledge used, the diagnostic method applied, and the set of patient observations. Use of classical formal logic as the ‘diagnostic method’ may result in three paradoxes: the paradoxes of consistency, completeness, and justifiable ignorance. These paradoxes may be resolved by the addition of two non-classical operators, the ‘certainty’ and ‘effort’ operators, akin to the non-classical operators of modal logic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00884423
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hintikka possible worlds model for certainty levels in medical decision making (1981)
    Springer
    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 48 (1981), S. 87-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0964
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064630
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compensatory neoplasia: Chronic erythrocytosis and neuroblastic tumors (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical medicine and bioethics 5 (1984), S. 279-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1200
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract There are a large number of exogenous biological and chemical substances with known neoplastic or carcinogenic potential. However, it has also been postulated that external stimuli can influence the body's internal milieu, and thereby induce compensatory excessive growth of cells in the form of hyperplasia or neoplasia. In a recent study, we observed a strong association between chronic hypoxic states and the occurrence of peripheral neuroblastic tumors, a relatively uncommon group of neural neoplasms. In this report we review those findings and formulate an hypothesis to explain why conditions which lead to chronic erythrocytosis may also cause compensatory neoplasia of neural tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00489476
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effort and demand logic in medical decision making (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical medicine and bioethics 1 (1980), S. 277-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1200
    Keywords: Medical decision making ; Computer diagnosis ; Symbolic logic ; Modal logic ; Sutton's Law ; Embryogenesis ; Congenital heart disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Medical decisions, including diagnosis, prognosis, and disease classification, must often be made on the basis of incomplete or unsatisfactory information. Data which are essential to the care of one patient may be unobtainable for technical or ethical reasons in another patient. For this reason the principles of controlled experimentation may be impossible to satisfy in human studies. In this paper, some formal aspects of medical decision making are discussed. Special operators for the intuitive concepts of ‘certainty’, ‘demand’, and ‘effort’, akin to the operators of modal logic, are used to accommodate the technical and ethical limitations on human studies. Theorems are stated and proved which show how this system handles incomplete information. The embryogenesis of the human heart is presented as a sample problem in classification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882620
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connective tissue arrangement in respiratory airways (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 198 (1980), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Connective tissue provides dynamic stability to the architecture and mechanical function of the lungs. This study examines the parenchymal connective tissue components of the alveolar ducts, their associated respiratory bronchioles and respective alveoli. Thick sections 100μ and 200μ, and serial sections at 8μ of lungs of different ages were examined histologically after fixation in distention. The varying proportions and spatial architecture of the collagen and elastic fibers and the packing and spatial interrelationships of alveoli were studied using graphic serial reconstruction. Alveolar mouths typically have a polygonal configuration as they arise from the airways. Denser connective tissue passes through the polygonal array and forms a helix encircling the airway. Polygonal packing of alveolar mouths provides a mechanically stable ductular structure with conservation of materials. A helical modification of the polygonal arrangement permits reversible changes in linear and circumferential airway dimensions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091980211
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A proposed mechanism for the early development of the human tracheobronchial tree (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 201 (1981), S. 635-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The development of the lung in 25 human embryos and early fetuses up to 140 mm crown-rump length was studied by examination of serial histologic sections, morphometry, and selected reconstructions. The proportion of pulmonary tissue consisting of tracheobronchial tree increases during this period. Bronchial cross-sectional diameter, length of the most distal bronchial branches, and thickness of the distal mesenchyme decline during development. The results are consistent with the concept that the dichotomous branching of the growing tracheobronchial tree occurs because of resistance to forward growth of the bronchial branch by compressed mesenchyme, pleura, or adjacent structures. Division and further growth of the bronchus takes place in areas of lower resistance. This process produces a “filling in” of space available for lung development and brings the epithelial and mesenchymal elements into their definitive relationships.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092010407
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer ranking of the sequence of appearance of 100 features of the brain and related structures in staged human embryos during the first 5 weeks of development (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 171 (1984), S. 243-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The sequence of events in the development of the brain in staged human embryos was investigated in much greater detail than in previous studies by listing 100 features in 165 embryos of the first 5 weeks. Using a computerized bubble-sort algorithm, individual embryos were ranked in ascending order of the features present. This procedure made feasible an appreciation of the slight variation found in the development features. The vast majority of features appeared during either one or two stages (about 2 or 3 days). In general, the soundness of the Carnegie system of embryonic staging was amply confirmed. The rhombencephalon was found to show increasing complexity around stage 13, and the postoptic portion of the diencephalon underwent considerable differentiation by stage 15. The need for similar investigations of other systems of the body is emphasized, and the importance of such studies in assessing the timing of cogenital malformations and in clarifying syndromic clusters is suggested.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001710302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the outflow tract and closure of the interventricular septum in the normal human heart (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 160 (1981), S. 309-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The majority of congenital heart malformations in humans involve defects in the atrioventricular valves, the crest of the interventricular septum, and/or the outflow tract, but the position and timing of these structures during cardiac development is controversial. We examined all 622 staged, serially sectioned normal human embryos and fetuses in the Carnegie Embryological Collection, and obtained a statistical tabulation of the appearance of the endocardial cushion components and surrounding structures for 382 embryos in good condition between stages 9 and 23 inclusive, when the heart normally develops. Accurately scaled drawings of ventral and lateral views of the hearts of seven embryos from stage 13 through 22 were prepared from graphic reconstructions in order to visualize the relationships of the structures under consideration. We found that development of the outflow tract septum follows the apparent functional separation of both the left and right ventricles and the blood streams leaving them. Elevations of the endocardial cushion material are continuous throughout the outflow tract and develop as a consequence of the elliptical configuration imposed on the circular cross section of the outflow tract. The membranous interventricular septum is formed of cushion material in the space bounded by the outflow tract septum, interventricular septum, and the fused AV cushion and right outflow tract cushion. The results of this study are consistent with the assertion that functional separation of the aortic and pulmonary outflow tracts precedes anatomic septation, and that anatomic septation is brought about by mechanical modeling of developing myocardium and endocardial cushion material.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001600308
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of the vagus nerve and its recurrent laryngeal branch in the development of the human ductus arteriosus (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 167 (1983), S. 313-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The reason that the normal ductus arteriosus has a muscular media, contrasting with the elastic lamellar structure of the adjacent great arteries, is unknown. We examined the hypothesis that the anatomic relationship of the ductus arteriosus to the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves during early development might be of importance in influencing ductal morphology. Normal human embryos from the Carnegie Embryological Collection and embryos and fetuses from the Hopkins Pathology Collection were studied microscopically, by reconstructions made from serial histologic sections, or by gross dissection. At Carnegie stage 16 the recurrent laryngeal nerves pass medially from the vagus nerve to the laryngeal area and are caudal to the bilaterally symmetric sixth aortic arches. By stage 18 the right sixth aortic arch has disappeared and the left sixth aortic arch is in a more caudal position relative to the larynx. The left vagus nerve and its recurrent laryngeal branch form a sling supporting the distal (or ductus arteriosus component) of the left sixth aortic arch. In subsequent development there is greater relative separation of the larynx and ductus arteriosus. The media of the ductus arteriosus beneath the supporting nerves is thinner and has less elastic fiber formation than the elastic lamellar media of the adjacent aortic arches. The study shows that the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves are in a position to provide mechanical support to the ductus arteriosus during its development and that the morphology of the media of the supported ductus arteriosus differs from that of the adjacent unsupported aortic arches. It is suggested that this local mechanical support may be the reason that the normal ductus arteriosus differentiates as a muscular artery and is therefore able to obliterate its lumen in postnatal life. Without such support the ductal media could develop the abundant elastic fibers characteristic of the normal unsupported aorta and pulmonary trunk and become an abnormal, persistently patent ductus arteriosus.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001670304
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