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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Darwinian evolution in the genealogy of haemoglobin (1975)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 253 (1975), S. 603-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Frequencies of mutations between reconstructed ancestor and descendant sequences of codons for metazoan globin chains show that natural selection guided protein evolution. Mutations which improved haemoglobin function were accepted at an accelerated rate in the first vertebrates. Rates decelerated ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/253603a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alignment statistic for identifying related protein sequences (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1977), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Structural alignments ; Minimum mutation distance ; Evolutionary relationship ; Significance test ; V andC immunoglobulin sequences ; Dehydrogenases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Closely related proteins show an obvious kinship by having numerous matching amino acids in their aligned sequences. Kinship between anciently separated proteins requires a statistical evaluation to rule out fortuitous similarities. A simple statistic is developed which assumes equal probability for all codon pairs, and a table of critical values for amino acid sequence alignments of length 200 or less is presented. Applying this statistic toV andC regions of immunoglobulin chains, aligned on the basis of shared features of three-dimensional structure, provides evidence that theV andC sequences descended from a common ancestor. Similarly the distant evolutionary relationship of dehydrogenases, flavdoxin, and subtilisin, suggested by structural alignments, is verified. On the other hand, the statistic does not verify a common evolutionary origin for the heme binding pocket in globins and cytochromeb 5. Empirical evidence from the distribution of MMD values of amino acid pairs in comparisons of misaligned polypeptide chains and from Monte Carlo trials of sequences aligned with arbitrary gaps supports the validity of the statistic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01732744
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On investigating the statistical properties of the populous path algorithm by computer simulation (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 75-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Maximum parsimony ; Populous path algorithm ; Computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Goodman et al.'s (1974) populous path algorithm for estimating hidden mutational change in protein evolution is designed to be used as an adjunct to the maximum parsimony method. When the algorithm is so used, the augmented maximum parsimony distances, far from being overestimates, are underestimates of the actual number of nucleotide substitutions which occur in Tateno and Nei's (1978) computer simulation by the Poisson process model, even when the simulation is carried out at two and a half times the sequence density. Although underestimates, our evidence shows that they are nevertheless more accurate than estimates obtained by a Poisson correction. In the maximum parsimony reconstruction, there is a bias towards overrepresenting the number of shared nucleotide identities between adjacent ancestral and descendant nodal sequences with the bias being stronger in those portions of the evolutionary tree sparser in sequence data. Because of this particular property of maximum parsimony reconstructed sequences, the conclusions of Tateno and Nei concerning the statistical properties of the populous path algorithm are invalid. We conclude that estimates of protein evolutionary rates by the maximum parsimony - populous path approach will become more accurate rather than less as larger numbers of closely related species are included in the analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01768027
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phylogeny of human globin genes investigated by the maximum parsimony method (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 3 (1974), S. 1-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Globin Evolution ; Phylogenetic Trees ; Ancestral Sequences ; Gene Duplication ; Nucleotide Replacements ; Rate of Protein Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gene phylogenetic trees were constructed by the maximum parsimony method for various sets of ninety six globin chain amino acid sequences spanning plant and animal kingdoms. The method, executed by several computer programs, constructed ancestor and descendant globin messengers on tree topologies which required the least number of nucleotide replacements to account for the evolution of the globins. The human myoglobin-hemoglobin divergence was traced to a gene duplication which occurred either in the first vertebrates or earlier yet in the common ancestor of chordates and annelids, the alpha-beta divergence to a gene duplication in the common ancestor of teleosts and tetrapods, the gamma divergence from typical beta chains to a gene duplication in basal therian mammals, and the delta separation from beta to a duplication in the basal catarrhine primates. Evidence was provided by the globin phylogenies for the hominoid affinities of the gibbon and the close phyletic relationship of the African apes to man. Over the period of teleos-tetrapod divergence the globin messengers evolved at an average rate of 18.5 nucleotide replacements per 100 codons per 108 years, a faster rate than most previous estimates. Very fast and very slow rates were encountered in different globin lineages and at different stages of descent, reducing the effectiveness of globins as molecular clocks. Rates increased with gene duplication and decreased after selection discovered useful specializations in the products of genes which had previously been freer to accept mutations. The early eutherian radiation was characterized by rapid rates of globin evolution, but the later hominoid radiation by extremely slow rates. This pattern was related to more complicated grades of internal organization evolving in human ancestors. The types of nucleotide replacements in the globin messengers over the long course of globin evolution did not seem indicative of any special mutational mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01795974
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The concept of homology in quantitative organelle pathology (1980)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 389 (1980), S. 225-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Homology ; Morphometry ; Symbolic logic ; Organelle pathology ; Glycogenosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The process of quantification has led pathology into an objective and abstract direction to which it is unaccustomed. The introduction of the concept of homology in pathology by Doerr has proven to be very fruitful, since it has helped to clarify otherwise poorly understood relationships. As shown in the foregoing paper, the succes of the homology concept applies also to quantitative organelle pathology. Homologies have demonstrated relationships within the ergastoplasmic — mitochondrial — peroxisomal system which are apparent only with the help of symbolic logic. These homologies permit inferences, shown here with the example of glycogenosis type I, regarding the adaptive potential of the cell and the degree of cellular damage. In addition, these homologies, which are described in terms of formal logic, may serve as a model for human pathologic anatomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439488
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  • 6
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    A Hintikka Possible Worlds Model for Certainty Levels in Medical Decision Making (1981)
    Dordrecht : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Synthese. 48:1 (1981:juli) 87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0039-7857
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:7609-1981-048-01-000004
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Evolution in the Descent of Man (1971)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 233 (1971), S. 604-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Three computer programs applied to data from phylogenetic trees and protein polymorphism can be used to find the rate of molecular evolution of different species. It can be shown that this is slower for higher primates than for other ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/233604a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ventricular inversion and tricuspid atresia (VITA complex): Long survival without surgical treatment (1986)
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 6 (1986), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Keywords: Ventricular inversion ; Tricuspid atresia ; Vita complex ; Transposition of the great arteries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five patients with ventricular inversion, corrected transposition of the great arteries, and atresia of the left-sided atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve have been observed. Three patients died in infancy, two had large interatrial communications, one with an early stage of arterial-type hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease, and the third patient had a very small interatrial communication and severe cyanosis. The other two patients survived into adulthood; both had small interatrial communications, and one had severe venous-type hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. The longer survival of the two patients is attributed to a balance between resistance and blood flow in the pulmonary circulation influenced by the size of the interatrial communication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02310996
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three paradoxes of medical diagnosis (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical medicine and bioethics 2 (1981), S. 197-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1200
    Keywords: Medical diagnosis ; Paradox ; Certainty levels ; Symbolic logic ; Consistency ; Logic of medicine ; Automated diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Sadegh-zadeh [23] has proposed a theory of the relativity of medical diagnosis in terms of the time at which a diagnosis is accepted, the patient to whom the diagnosis applies, the physician who renders the diagnosis, the medical knowledge used, the diagnostic method applied, and the set of patient observations. Use of classical formal logic as the ‘diagnostic method’ may result in three paradoxes: the paradoxes of consistency, completeness, and justifiable ignorance. These paradoxes may be resolved by the addition of two non-classical operators, the ‘certainty’ and ‘effort’ operators, akin to the non-classical operators of modal logic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00884423
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hintikka possible worlds model for certainty levels in medical decision making (1981)
    Springer
    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 48 (1981), S. 87-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0964
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064630
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