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  • 1975-1979  (4)
  • 1970-1974  (4)
  • 1960-1964
  • Rats  (6)
  • Acquisition
  • Microvilli
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent etonitazene and water intake in rats: Role of taste, olfaction, and auditory stimuli (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Etonitazene ; Etonitazene reinforcement ; Concurrent schedules ; Choice procedures ; Rats ; Taste ; Olfaction ; Auditory stimuli ; Discriminative stimuli ; Conditioned reinforcers ; Fixed-ratio schedules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Etonitazene and water were concurrently available to four rats during daily 1 h sessions in operant conditioning chambers equipped with two levers and two liquid dippers. A food-induced training procedure was used whereby etonitazene drinking was rapidly established by presenting rats with gradually increased drug concentrations with their daily food ration. When food was subsequently removed from the session and given post-session, etonitazene responding persisted. The rats were subsequently trained on fixed-ratio (FR) schedules with concurrent access to etonitazene and water. The number of dipper presentations compared with etonitazene concentrations (0.078–10.0 μg/ml) resulted in a typical inverted U-shaped function while etonitazene intake (μg/kg) increased directly with concentration. After drinking large quantities of etonitazene the rats showed ataxia, hyper-activity, and stereotypy. Extinction tests demonstrated that rats could discriminate between etonitazene and water on the basis of one dipper full of each liquid; the amount of etonitazene in one dipper was 0.0078 μg. Further tests showed that this discrimination was based on taste or immediate post-ingestional feedback rather than olfactory cues. An auditory stimulus was presented concurrently with responses on the drug lever; however, there was no difference in responding for the drug in the presence or absence of this stimulus except at the lowest concentration. After the extinction tests, when the lowest drug concentration was again available with concurrent water, responding was substantially higher in the presence of stimulus associated with availability of etonitazene. The results extend previous work on oral narcotic intake to a lever-press concurrent choice procedure which is sensitive to reinforcing effects of the drug at low concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427336
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol-reinforced behavior of rats with concurrent access to food and water (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 59 (1978), S. 7-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Concurrent schedule ; Ethanol drinking ; Water drinking ; Food deprivation ; Food satiation ; Ethanol concentration ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dippers filled with water or an ethanol solution were presented to male Wistar rats contingent on lever-pressing under a concurrent fixed-ratio 1 (water) fixed-ratio 1 (ethanol) schedule. During Phase I, when maintenance feedings were given during instead of following the daily 3-h sessions, the feedings increased drinking of both 8% (w/v) ethanol and water, with 8% ethanol being consumed in greater volumes than water. In Phase II, a 28-day transitional period from the food-deprived to the food-satiated state, continuous access to food during 3-h sessions moderately decreased 8% ethanol intake, and increased water intake and total liquid intake (water plus 8% ethanol). In Phase III, concurrent water and ethanol intake of food-satiated rats was compared over two identical series of ethanol concentrations (8, 11.3, 16, 22.6, 32, and 8% retest). Food was freely available in both the operant conditioning chambers and home cages. The number of dipper presentations of ethanol exceeded presentations of water for each rat at each concentration studied. Presentations of water were low in number and did not vary with the ethanol concentration. As the ethanol concentration was increased, the number of ethanol presentations decreased, while the quantity consumed (mg/100 g body weight/h) generally increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428023
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol as a reinforcer: Effects of fixed-ratio size and food deprivation (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol Drinking ; Ethanol Reinforcement ; Fixed-Ratio Size ; Food Deprivation ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats having prior experience with ethanol drinking were subjected to geometrically increasing fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of ethanol reinforcement (8% W/V). The rats were tested first food deprived and then food satiated. Each third day ethanol was the reinforcer (0.25 ml/reinforcement), while on other days water, which served as the vehicle control, was available. Food satiating the rats decreased responding for ethanol whereas responding for water was not changed. Under both food conditions ethanol maintained responding at FR's up to 256 with response totals exceeding water control values. As the FR size increased to intermediate values, the number of ethanol responses increased. Further FR increases resulted in decreases in ethanol responding. The pattern of FR responding was similar to that maintained by other reinforcers. Maximum ethanol responding occurred at the beginning of the 6-h sessions, followed by a pause and then intermittent bursts of responding. Water responding was not characterized by a specific pattern. It was inferred that the odor of ethanol functioned as a discriminative stimulus, and it was concluded that ethanol served as a reinforcer for the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421402
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of scopolamine on variable intertrial interval spatial alternation and memory in the rat (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 49 (1976), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Memory ; Storage ; Scopolamine ; Alternating discrimination ; Variable intertrial interval spatial alternation ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A repeated measures procedure, variable intertrial interval (ITI) spatial alternation, was used to assess scopolamine effects on memory, and to compare effects of the drug on discrimination processes with effects on storage. Rats learned in two stages to press left and right levers in alternation on discrete trials separated by 5 different ITI's ranging from 2.5 to 40 s and presented in random order during the experimental session. In the first stage, alternating discrimination, alternation was controlled by a light on over the correct lever at the time of the trial; in the second stage, variable ITI spatial alternation, a centrally located panel light signalled all trials and alternation was controlled by stimuli from prior trials (‘memory’). Alternation response occurrence declined moderately (but significantly) with increasing ITI duration in both the alternating discrimination and variable ITI spatial alternation stages; response occurrence was also significantly decreased by scopolamine treatment in both stages. Accuracy of alternating discrimination performance was not significantly altered by either ITI duration or scopolamine treatment. Accuracy of variable ITI spatial alternation performance on a trial varied inversely with the duration of the ITI that preceded the trial. Scopolamine treatment significantly reduced accuracy of lever pressing in variable ITI spatial alternation but did not alter the slope of the curves relating accuracy to ITI duration. These effects indicate that the drug impaired discrimination processes but did not alter memory storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427281
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid establishment of ethanol as a reinforcer for rats (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 37 (1974), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rats ; Ethanol ; Ethanol Reinforcement ; Acquisition ; Schedule-Induced-Polydipsia ; Ethanol Concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Daily 6-h sessions were run during which each lever press by rats produced brief access to water, or to 8
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428917
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol as a reinforcer for rats: Effects of concurrent access to water and alternate positions of water and ethanol (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Ethanol Drinking ; Water-Ethanol Choice ; Concurrent Schedules ; Ethanol Concentration ; Ethanol Reinforcement ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Water and ethanol solutions were concurrently made available on a continuous reinforcement schedule to 4 food-deprived male albino rats during daily 1-hr sessions in an operant conditioning chamber equipped with 2 levers and 2 liquid dippers. The number of ethanol reinforcements substantially exceeded the number of water reinforcements for each rat at each concentration studied (8, 16, and 32% w/v). Water reinforcements were low in number and did not vary with ethanol concentration. As the ethanol concentration was increased, the number of ethanol reinforcements obtained decreased, while the quantity consumed (mg/100 g of body weight/hr) increased. The highest rate of responding occurred at the beginning of the session.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437609
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of morphogenesis mediated by dynamic microvilli: Chaetogenesis in Nereis vexillosa (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Setae ; Polychaeta ; Microvilli ; Morphogenesis ; Chaetogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of morphogenesis of the chitinous compound (jointed) setae of the larvae of polychaete Nereis vexillosa Grube was deduced from electron-microscopic analyses of many stages of secretion. Each seta is secreted over a period of three days within an epidermal follicle consisting of several lateral cells and a basal cell (chaetoblast). The configuration of the apical surface of the chaetoblast changes continuously during secretion. Secreted setal material is polymerized into longitudinally oriented setal filaments, probably by enzymes located on the surfaces of microvilli of the chaetoblast. As a result of this process the setae lengthen by basal appositional growth. We infer that the precise size and shape of each complex seta (a characteristic of the species and the age of the worm) is controlled by sequential modulations of the number, size, shape, arrangement and orientation of the microvilli of the chaetoblast. Each seta embodies a cryptic record of the activities of the chaetoblast on which it formed. The genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in chaetogenesis are problematic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222219
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cephalopod integument: The ultrastructure of Kölliker's organs and their relationship to setae (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 293-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Integument ; Octopus ; Setae ; Secretion ; Microvilli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kölliker's tufts are transient epidermal bristles found on the external surfaces of late embryonic and juvenile octopods. The structure and growth of Kölliker's tuft is remarkably similar to that of polychaete setae. Each tuft is a fasicle of approximately 1500 distally tapered cannular rodlets located in an epidermal follicle composed of several lateral follicular cells and a single basal chaetoblast. The base of the follicle is associated with obliquely striated dermal muscle fibers. Together these elements comprise Kölliker's organ. The rodlets, composed of longitudinally oriented filaments, are separated basally from one another by a layered meshwork of interstitial filaments. Microvilli on the apical concave surface of the scyphate chaetoblast insert into the base of each rodlet. We infer that the tuft elongates by basal appositional growth and that glycoprotein secreted by the follicle cells is organized into filaments by the apical plasmalemma of the chaetoblast. Each microvillus serves as a template for the formation of a rodlet, therefore the number, size, shape, distribution and dynamic activity of the microvilli determine the morphology of the tuft.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224540
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