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  • 1
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    Disabilities and Poverty: "Prevention and Early Intervention to Prevent Disabilities" (1991)
    Princeton, N.J. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The American behavioral scientist. 34:4 (1991:Mar./Apr.) 414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-7642
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: This issue is devoted to: DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES AND POVERTY
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:q307-1991-034-04-000002
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of delaying food availability contingent on ethanol-maintained lever pressing (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 51 (1977), S. 289-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rats ; Ethanol intake ; Food schedule ; Operant behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of delaying food availability 8 s contingent on every, every second, and every fourth lever press maintained by 4, 8, and 16% (v/v) ethanol solutions were examined when food was initially available to rats on a fixed-interval 26-s schedule. The delay contingency decreased ethanol-maintained responding at all ethanol concentrations, with the degree of decrease inversely related to the intermittency of the delay schedule and to the ethanol concentration. Such decreases were not evident in the performance of yoked-control animals which received food coincidentally with experimental animals. Temporal changes in food presentation alone therefore could not account for the decreases produced by the delay contingency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431638
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid establishment of ethanol as a reinforcer for rats (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 37 (1974), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rats ; Ethanol ; Ethanol Reinforcement ; Acquisition ; Schedule-Induced-Polydipsia ; Ethanol Concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Daily 6-h sessions were run during which each lever press by rats produced brief access to water, or to 8
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428917
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol as a reinforcer: Effects of fixed-ratio size and food deprivation (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol Drinking ; Ethanol Reinforcement ; Fixed-Ratio Size ; Food Deprivation ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats having prior experience with ethanol drinking were subjected to geometrically increasing fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of ethanol reinforcement (8% W/V). The rats were tested first food deprived and then food satiated. Each third day ethanol was the reinforcer (0.25 ml/reinforcement), while on other days water, which served as the vehicle control, was available. Food satiating the rats decreased responding for ethanol whereas responding for water was not changed. Under both food conditions ethanol maintained responding at FR's up to 256 with response totals exceeding water control values. As the FR size increased to intermediate values, the number of ethanol responses increased. Further FR increases resulted in decreases in ethanol responding. The pattern of FR responding was similar to that maintained by other reinforcers. Maximum ethanol responding occurred at the beginning of the 6-h sessions, followed by a pause and then intermittent bursts of responding. Water responding was not characterized by a specific pattern. It was inferred that the odor of ethanol functioned as a discriminative stimulus, and it was concluded that ethanol served as a reinforcer for the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421402
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral pharmacokinetics of marijuana (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 51-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Marijuana ; Human subjects ; Perceptual-motor performance ; THC plasma levels ; Correlation of performance with plasma levels ; Driving
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male volunteer subjects smoked one marijuana cigarette containing 100, 200, or 250 μg/kg Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and were tested on three perceptual-motor performance measures related to driving. Performance was measured and blood samples were collected for 24 h after smoking. The covariation between phamacodynamics of performance and pharmacokinetics of THC in plasma was investigated for decrement in performance as the response to smoking a single marijuana cigarette. A significant linear correlation was found between tracking errors under divided attention and THC plasma levels over 5–25 ng/ml for approximately 2 h after smoking. A sigmoid relation was found between critical tracking breakpoint and log THC plasma levels over 2–25 ng/ml for approximately 7 h after smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427321
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol intake in the absence of concurrent food reinforcement (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 22 (1971), S. 72-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol Self-Administration ; Reinforcer ; Concurrent Food Extinction ; Ethanol Experience ; Schedule-Induced Polydipsia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) occurred in four rats placed on concurrent food (1 min VI) and water (CRF) reinforcement schedules. During extinction (i.e. absence) of concurrent food reinforcement either water or an ethanol concentration of 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32% (w/v) was present. Measurements of water and ethanol intake were made before and after substituting these ethanol concentrations for water during SIP. After ethanol experience during SIP, the ethanol volume consumed and ethanol reinforcements obtained were significantly greater than water control values. Thus, ethanol served as a reinforcer. At ethanol concentrations of 32% (w/v) through 2% (w/v), volumes consumed exceeded water control values. Following ethanol experience during SIP, ethanol volume intake and reinforcements significantly increased. However, the magnitude of the increase was not significant when the initial values, i.e., those obtained prior to ethanol experience, were significantly greater than water control values. The quantity of ethanol intake increased directly with the concentration, and the highest rate of intake occurred during the first half hour ethanol was available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401469
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphine self-administration, food-reinforced, and avoidance behaviors in rhesus monkeys (1964)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 5 (1964), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A fixed interval-fixed ratio chain of behavior was maintained for periods as long as 6 months by intravenously administered morphine. 2. The morphine reinforced FI-FR chain was found to be a sensitive and reliable index of motivational changes induced by drug deprivation, nalorphine antagonism and pretreatment with morphine. 3. Profound behavioral disruption occurred in both shock avoidance and food reinforced ratio behavior under conditions of drug deprivation. 4. The behavioral disruption of the food reinforced and shock avoidance behaviors was ameliorated by a single self-administration of morphine. Substitution of saline for the morphine solution produced a transitory placebo effect characterized by an immediate return of the food and avoidance behaviors to their pre-deprivation baseline conditions, but followed by progressive disruption as time without the drug increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413045
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of d-amphetamine on the automaintained key pecking of pigeons (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 51 (1977), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Automaintenance ; Key pecking ; Pigeons ; Rate-dependent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three food-deprived pigeons were initially exposed to an automaintenance procedure in which 8-s response key illuminations were followed by food delivery without regard to the subject's behavior. The percentage of occasions on which key illumination was followed by food delivery was then successively reduced from 100 to 50, 25, 10, and 2.5%. Despite the lack of a programmed contingency between key pecking and food delivery or key illumination, key pecking occurred under all automaintenance conditions. Mean responses per 8-s key illumination during non-drug sessions varied from over 15 to less than one, with the 100 and 50% pairing conditions engendering the highest rates and the 2.5% pairing condition the lowest. Under all automaintenance conditions, d-amphetamine in doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg decreased responding in a dose-dependent fashion. Rate-dependent effects were not evident despite the appreciable differences in mean response rates engendered by the various conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431637
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naloxone effects on schedule-controlled behavior in morphine-pelleted rats (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 62 (1979), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine pellet ; Naloxone ; Schedule-controlled behaviors ; Precipitated abstinence ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of morphine pellet implantation and naloxone administration were examined in rats lever pressing under inter-response time schedules of food presentation. Subcutaneous implantation of a morphine pellet initially decreased lever-pressing rates. Tolerance to this effect developed within 3–4 days. Naloxone (0.25–1.0 mg/kg) decreased response rates in morphine-pelleted rats in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. All doses of naloxone severely decreased rates of lever pressing on days four to nine post-pellet. This rate-decreasing effect persisted 7–17 days for 0.25 mg/kg naloxone, 9–22 days for 0.50 mg/kg, and 13–28 days for 1.0 mg/kg. Decreases in response rate were due to an increased frequency of long pauses and not to marked shifts in the temporal patterning of those lever presses that did occur. Changes in response rate after naloxone were accompanied by body weight loss. Area values summarizing the naloxone-induced changes in response rate or body weight over time after pellet implantation increased as a function of naloxone dose. Naloxone (0.25–1.0 mg/kg) did not alter performance by placebo-pelleted rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431963
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of methadone on operant behavior maintained with and without conditioned reinforcement in the pigeon (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 212-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methadone ; Operant performance ; Conditioned reinforcement ; Pigeons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of methadone on key pecking supplemented with brief stimuli either correlated with or independent of unconditioned reinforcement was investigated. On average, key pecks by pigeons produced brief stimuli (BS) once per minute and food once per 4 min during both components of a multiple schedule (i.e., VI1:BS, VI4:Food). Brief stimuli were paired with food presentation during one component and not related to food during the second component. Acute methadone administration (0.56, 1.0, 1.7, and 3.0 mg/kg) decreased response rates during both components; however, the decrease was smaller by a constant amount during the paired brief stimulus component, regardless of drug dose. These results suggest conditioned reinforcement is not a primary mechanism through which methadone exerts behavioral effects and that reinforcer-correlated stimuli have potential for diminishing the reduced behavioral output observed following methadone administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431712
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