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  • 1970-1974  (2)
  • Tetanustoxin  (2)
  • Spinal cord
  • Tetanus toxin
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 267 (1970), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus Toxin-Labelled Protein ; Spinal Cord ; Pharmaco-kinetics ; Radioimmunassay ; Tetanustoxin ; Markierte Proteine ; Rückenmark ; Phar-makokinetik ; Radioimmunassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The preparation and properties of125I-labelled tetanus toxin are described. 2. After intravenous injection there is a short phase when the labelled toxin is rapidly removed from the blood plasma. This initial period is followed by a slow second phase of decay which has a longer duration. The first phase in very pronounced in rabbits, but not in rats. Unlabelled toxin is removed equally fast from rabbit plasma, as has been revealed by measuring the immunological reactivity (so-called “junction test”) and toxicity. 3. Thirty minutes after i.v. administration torabbits about 2/3 of the radioactive label are found in the liver. The highest concentration is attained in the spleen. 24 hours later, the bulk of the label has been excreted in the urine and faeces, which indicates catabolism of the toxin. In therat, the concentration in the liver is much less prominent, and the excretion of the label is slower. In both species, the central nervous system does not accumulate more than just measurable quantities of the label, even if the animals are given large toxic doses. 4. After injection into the left gastrocnemius muscle of the rat, the labelled tetanus toxin is absorbed very slowly from the site of administration. It is taken up by the corresponding N. ischiadicus and the lumbar region of the spinal cord. The injection of toxin into the anterior leg leads to concentration of radioactivity in the cervical area of the medulla. The arrival of the label in the spinal cord coincides approximately with the appearance of local tetanus. Sectioning of the N. ischiadicus prevents the appearance of the local tetanus of the lower extremity. The enrichment of the toxin in the lumbar cord is prevented in operated, but not in sham-operated rats. 5. When the spinal cord was subdivided into four sectors, the label was found to be greatly concentrated in the ipsilateral ventral sector of the segment corresponding with the injected extremity. This indicates transport into the ventral roots. 6. 131I-labelled tetanus antitoxin also disappears very slowly from the rat gastrocnemius. In contrast to labelled tetanus toxin, however, it is not concentrated in the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 52 (1974), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Antitoxin ; 125Iodine ; Spinal cord ; Nerves ; Tetanustoxin ; Antitoxin ; 125Jod ; Rückenmark ; Nerven
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unsere Kenntnis der Pathogenese des Wundstarrkrampfes hat sich durch Anwendung neuer biochemischer und neurophysiologischer Techniken innerhalb der letzten Jahre erheblich erweitert. Radioaktiv markiertes Tetanustoxin wurde innerhalb verschiedener Nerven bis zu den Vorderhörnern des Rückenmarks verfolgt; dort wurde das Toxin z.T. noch auf cellulärer Ebene nachgewiesen. Die Verteilung des Toxins ist zeitabhängig und wird durch Antitoxin beeinflußt. Je weiter der Zeitpunkt der Vergiftung zurückliegt, desto geringer ist der Effekt des Antitoxins auf die Symptomatologie und die spinale Anreicherung des Toxins. Die neurale Wanderung des Toxins wird durch Erregung des toxinhaltigen Nerven gefördert. Neben den motorischen Anteilen sind auch rein sensibel-sensorische und vegetative Nerven zur Weiterleitung des Toxins imstande. Der generalisierte Tetanus kann als eine Sonderform des lokalen Tetanus betrachtet werden. Während bisher das klassische α-motorische System des Rückenmarks im Vordergrund der Untersuchungen stand, weisen neuere Arbeiten auf eine gleichzeitige, vielleicht sogar vorwiegende Enthemmung des γ-motorischen Systems hin. Außerdem werden vegetative Spinalreflexe enthemmt, was auch bei der Therapie bedacht werden sollte. Die Hemmwirkung des Tetanustoxins auf periphere Synapsen weist auf große Ähnlichkeiten mit Botulinumtoxin hin, obwohl die Symptome am vergifteten Tier so verschieden sind. Künftige Untersuchungen werden sich voraussichtlich mit der Wirkungsweise des Toxins auf molekularer und cellulärer Ebene befassen.
    Notes: Summary Due to the use of advanced biochemical and neurophysiological techniques, our knowledge of the pathogenesis of tetanus has considerably improved during the past years. Radio-labelled tetanus toxin has been traced within different nerves up to the anterior horn of the spinal cord where its localization down to the cellular level has been achieved. The distribution of labelled toxin depends on time and is influenced by antitoxin. The longer the duration of poisoning, the smaller the effect of antitoxin on the spinal enrichment of toxin and on the onset of toxic symptoms. The neural ascent of toxin into a spinal cord segment is enhanced by stimulation of the segmental nerves. Not only the motor nerves, but also sensory and vegetative nerves are able to serve as guide-rails for the toxin. The generalized tetanus has been understood as a special kind of local tetanus. For a long time, disinhibition of the alpha motor system was considered to be the characteristic action of tetanus toxin, but recent evidence is in favour of an additional disinhibition of the gamma motor system (perhaps even preceding the alpha disinhibition) and also of the sympathetic spinal reflexes. This finding should have therapeutic implications. The detection of inhibitory effects of tetanus toxin on peripheral cholinergic synapses points again to the close similarity between tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin. The trends of future research will presumably lead to the elementary processes at the molecular and cellular level which are the basis of the clinical picture of tetanus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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