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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 52 (1974), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Antitoxin ; 125Iodine ; Spinal cord ; Nerves ; Tetanustoxin ; Antitoxin ; 125Jod ; Rückenmark ; Nerven
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unsere Kenntnis der Pathogenese des Wundstarrkrampfes hat sich durch Anwendung neuer biochemischer und neurophysiologischer Techniken innerhalb der letzten Jahre erheblich erweitert. Radioaktiv markiertes Tetanustoxin wurde innerhalb verschiedener Nerven bis zu den Vorderhörnern des Rückenmarks verfolgt; dort wurde das Toxin z.T. noch auf cellulärer Ebene nachgewiesen. Die Verteilung des Toxins ist zeitabhängig und wird durch Antitoxin beeinflußt. Je weiter der Zeitpunkt der Vergiftung zurückliegt, desto geringer ist der Effekt des Antitoxins auf die Symptomatologie und die spinale Anreicherung des Toxins. Die neurale Wanderung des Toxins wird durch Erregung des toxinhaltigen Nerven gefördert. Neben den motorischen Anteilen sind auch rein sensibel-sensorische und vegetative Nerven zur Weiterleitung des Toxins imstande. Der generalisierte Tetanus kann als eine Sonderform des lokalen Tetanus betrachtet werden. Während bisher das klassische α-motorische System des Rückenmarks im Vordergrund der Untersuchungen stand, weisen neuere Arbeiten auf eine gleichzeitige, vielleicht sogar vorwiegende Enthemmung des γ-motorischen Systems hin. Außerdem werden vegetative Spinalreflexe enthemmt, was auch bei der Therapie bedacht werden sollte. Die Hemmwirkung des Tetanustoxins auf periphere Synapsen weist auf große Ähnlichkeiten mit Botulinumtoxin hin, obwohl die Symptome am vergifteten Tier so verschieden sind. Künftige Untersuchungen werden sich voraussichtlich mit der Wirkungsweise des Toxins auf molekularer und cellulärer Ebene befassen.
    Notes: Summary Due to the use of advanced biochemical and neurophysiological techniques, our knowledge of the pathogenesis of tetanus has considerably improved during the past years. Radio-labelled tetanus toxin has been traced within different nerves up to the anterior horn of the spinal cord where its localization down to the cellular level has been achieved. The distribution of labelled toxin depends on time and is influenced by antitoxin. The longer the duration of poisoning, the smaller the effect of antitoxin on the spinal enrichment of toxin and on the onset of toxic symptoms. The neural ascent of toxin into a spinal cord segment is enhanced by stimulation of the segmental nerves. Not only the motor nerves, but also sensory and vegetative nerves are able to serve as guide-rails for the toxin. The generalized tetanus has been understood as a special kind of local tetanus. For a long time, disinhibition of the alpha motor system was considered to be the characteristic action of tetanus toxin, but recent evidence is in favour of an additional disinhibition of the gamma motor system (perhaps even preceding the alpha disinhibition) and also of the sympathetic spinal reflexes. This finding should have therapeutic implications. The detection of inhibitory effects of tetanus toxin on peripheral cholinergic synapses points again to the close similarity between tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin. The trends of future research will presumably lead to the elementary processes at the molecular and cellular level which are the basis of the clinical picture of tetanus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1985), S. 190-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Toxicokinetics ; Amatoxins ; Dog ; Hemoperfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Radioactivities were measured in serum, urine, and bile of dogs at different times after intravenous injection of 14C-methyl-γ-amanitin (14C-A) and 3H-O-methyl-dehydroxy methyl-α-amanitin (3H-A). For either substance, the relation between the specific plasma activity C and the time t could be best described with the function $$C = C_1 \cdot e^{ - \lambda _1 \cdot t} + C_2 \cdot e^{ - \lambda _2 \cdot t} $$ . Therefore the linear open two-compartment system was selected as an adequate toxicokinetic model. Most important, the distribution volumes (in the steady state) were in the range of the extracellular space, and the total body clearances were in the range of the dog creatinine clearance. In accordance with former findings for 3H-A, 14C-A was not bound to plasma proteins. More than 80% of 14C-A was eliminated in the urine; less than 10% was found in the bile. From these data, two suggestions may be derived for the therapy of Amanita intoxication in man. First, detection in the urine of amatoxins 2 or 3 days after mushroom ingestion points to an ongoing amatoxin absorption or reabsorption from the intestine, and should lead to therapy with adsorbents and, in the absence of diarrhea, with laxatives. Second, hemoperfusion will remove significant amounts of amatoxins during the time of ongoing absorption or reabsorption and a few hours thereafter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 53 (1983), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of Tl+ were studied in 9 patients who underwent myocardial scintigraphy with201Tl+. The time course of the201Tl+ concentration fitted to an open two-compartment model. The following values were calculated:k 12=0.164±0.025 min−1,k 21=0.011 ± 0.004 min−1,k 10=0.005±0.004 min−1,t 1/2(κ1)=3.92±0.54 min, t1/2(λ2)= 3108±896 min,CL=0.08±0.03 l/min,V 1=0.26±0.13 I/kg,V z =4.36 ± 0.65 l/kg,V ss =4.23±0.67 l/kg. Using previously published dialysance values the influence of hemodialysis on Tl+ elimination was calculated. Hemodialysis in Tl+ intoxications should be moderately effective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 53 (1983), S. 9-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Thallium ; Pharmacokinetics ; Distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dose-dependency of Tl+ kinetics was studied in rabbits by intravenous injection first of a201Tl+ tracer dose and 2 weeks later of a 5.5 μmol/kg dose. For either dose level, an open three compartment model was appropriate to describe the course of the plasma concentration curve. With the dosage increase a slight to moderate decrease in the distribution volumes (11.2 l/kg versus 9.7 l/kg) and in the plasma clearance (13 ml/min versus 9 ml/min) was found. Two days after injection of both the high and the low dose considerable amounts of Tl+ were found in the intestinal contents and only small amounts were found in the bile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 17 (1991), S. 60-62 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Barium carbonate intoxication ; Life threatening arrhythmias ; Severe hypokalemia ; Hemodialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 22-year-old man attempted to commit suicide by swallowing an unknown amount of barium carbonate dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Shortly after ingestion, he developed crampy abdominal pain and generalized muscle weakness. About 2 h later, respiratory failure ensued necessitating orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Concomitantly, life-threatening arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation occurred, and he had to be resuscitated for 45 min. After correction of severe hypokalemia (serum potassium 1.5 mmol/1), cardiac rhythm stabilized. In an attempt to accelerate removal of barium from the circulation hemodialysis was begun. During hemodialysis muscle strength returned. Pharmacokinetic analysis of serum barium levels suggest that hemodialysis shortened the serum half-life of barium. Subsequently, the patient made a complete and uneventful recovery. Our case demonstrates that severe barium poisoning can be survived provided that early aggressive therapeutic measures are undertaken. Hemodialysis seems to be efficacious in the therapy of barium intoxication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 240 (1960), S. 224-233 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transient stop of respiration in exspiratory position can be produced in cats by intravenous injection of chlorpromazine, promethazine, and diethazine. The effect is dependend on the velocity of injection and on the concentration of the injected solution. Furthermore, it is most powerfull after administration into the arteria pulmonalis, but cannot be recognised after injection into the vena pulmonalis or into the bulbus aortae. It is abolished by vagotomia, but not by cooling both vagi to 6°C. Records of afferent vagal impulses at this temperature don't provide evidence for activation of lung stretch receptors. The alterations of blood pressure in the arteria et vena pulmonalis develop slowly and are only small. Therefore the chemosensible pulmonary vascular receptors are supposed to be chiefly involved in the reflectory stop of respiration after chlorpromazine, promethazine, and diethazine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 241 (1961), S. 537-538 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 236 (1959), S. 167-167 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 237 (1959), S. 194-199 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Instruments and technics for intubation of laboratory animals (cat, rabbit, guinea pig and rat) are described. The intubation is simple in the cat and in the rat, but somewhat more difficult in the rabbit and in the guinea pig. Artificial respiration, gasnarcosis in the half-open system and bronchography are well possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 138 (1968), S. 250-279 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem einleitenden Abschnitt wird der Begriff des proprioceptiven Reflexes im Sinne der Auffassung vonSherrington definiert. Eine Einteilung der respiratorischen Reflexe nach diesem Konzept wird vorgeschlagen. Tierversuche haben eine größere funktionelle Bedeutung bisher für drei Gruppen proprioceptiver Atemreflexe erwiesen: Chemoreflexe, Reflexe ausgehend von pulmonalen Receptoren und Reflexe ausgehend von Receptoren in der Thoraxwand. Was die Bedeutung dieser Reflexe beim Menschen angeht, so ist die wesentliche Rolle der Chemoreceptoren unbestritten, hingegen ist der quantitative Anteil der Reflexe aus den beiden anderen Receptorgruppen an der Regulation der Atmung unter normalen und pathologischen Bedingungen noch weitgehend unbekannt. Dieses Problem wird im vorliegenden Artikel ausführlicher dargestellt, um weitere klinische Untersuchungen hierzu anzuregen. Die Reflexe mit Ursprung in der Thoraxwand werden mit gewissen Vereinfachungen dargestellt und die Bedeutung der Muskelspindeln und der von ihnen ausgehenden Reflexe betont. Das nachfolgende Kapitel ist den Ergebnissen tierexperimenteller Untersuchungen der von pulmonalen Receptoren ausgehenden Reflexe gewidmet. Danach werden Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen aus Tierexperimenten mit den bisher vorliegenden Befunden aus Humanexperimenten verglichen. Die sich hierbei ergebenden Unterschiede sind zumindest quantitativ so erheblich, daß zukünftig die Übertragung von im Tierexperiment gewonnenen Vorstellungen auf die Verhältnisse beim Menschen nur nach experimenteller Prüfung gerechtfertigt erscheint. So ist zum Beispiel die Bedeutung des Hering-Breuer-Reflexes für die Regulation der Atmung zumindest beim gesunden Menschen wahrscheinlich sehr gering. Klinische Untersucher betonen zunehmend die Bedeutung der Muskelspindeln für die reflektorische Regulation der Atmung. Auch über die Rolle der Golgi-Sehnenreceptoren liegen interessante Untersuchungen vor. Endlich haben Humanexperimente Hinweise auf proprioceptive Atemreflexe gebracht, für deren Existenz der Tierversuch bisher keine Anhaltspunkte gegeben hatte. Obwohl klinische Untersuchungen bereits wertvolle qualitative Informationen geliefert haben, gibt es bis heute nur sehr wenig quantitative Ergebnisse. Daher ist eine vergleichende Abschätzung der Bedeutung der verschiedenen proprioceptiven Reflexe für die Regulation der Atmung beim Menschen noch nicht möglich.
    Notes: Summary In an introductory chapter the term “proprioceptive reflex” is defined accord ing toSherrington, and a classification of reflexes in respiration is attempted with regard to this concept. In animal experiments a functional role of major importance has been established for three groups of proprioceptive reflexes: chemoreflexes, reflexes from pulmonary receptors, and reflexes from receptors in the thoracic cage. As for the importance of these reflexes in man there is no doubt about the essential role of chemoreceptors, but the quantitative contribution of the reflexes from the other two receptor groups to breathing under normal and pathological conditions is still a matter of discussion. To encourage further clinical research this problem is dealt with in more detail. A somewhat simplified description of the function of receptors in the thoracic cage is given with emphasis on muscle spindles and the reflexes set up by them in the experimental animal. A subsequent chapter deals with the results of animal experiments on reflexes from pulmonary receptors. Results and conclusions from animal experiments are then compared with the results from experiments in man. There seem to exist considerable quantitative differences. For instance, the importance of the Hering-Breuer-reflex for the regulation of respiration in man is probably very small, at least in the healthy subject; the role of reflexes from muscles spindles in the thoracic cage is emphasized by clinical workers; reflexes from Golgi tendon receptors might turn out to be quite important, and evidence has been presented for reflexes in man which so far have not been demonstrated in animals. While clinical research has already yielded valuable qualitative information there are only few quantitative investigations as yet. So, for the time being it would appear to be too early to make a comparative estimation of the importance of the different proprioceptive reflexes in the respiration of man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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