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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 20 (1981), S. 6498-6504 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 22 (1983), S. 4574-4580 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 32 (1993), S. 4043-4050 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 1186-1193 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Amatoxin ; peptide synthesis ; structure-activity relationship ; tool of biological research ; receptor-mediated endocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pharmacokinetic studies have provided new insights into humanAmanita poisoning, but it appears to be impossible to treat this intoxication by immunotherapy. New synthetic analogs have revealed structure-activity relationships that were unknown so far. The main toxin, α-amanitin, is in constant use as a tool in molecular biology and in biological research. First experiments have been reported in which amanitin bound to polymers could be internalized into tumor cells via a receptor-mediated endocytosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 57 (1979), S. 1143-1152 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Amatoxine ; Pilzvergiftung ; Diagnose und Therapie ; extrakorporale Reinigung ; enterohepatischer Kreislauf ; Amatoxins ; Mushroom poisoning ; Diagnosis and therapy ; Extracorporal purification ; Enterohepatic circulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Amatoxins occur in the green and white Amanita species, but also in other mushroom genera. These toxins are the sole cause of fatal human Amanita intoxications. Their long latency period is a useful tool for diagnosing such cases of poisoning, but on the other hand necessitates an immediate treatment in order to rapidly decrease the toxin concentration in the serum and to shorten the time of exposure of e.g. liver cells. Various bioassays for amatoxins were reported having a limit of detection near to 0.5 ng/ml; they have become useful tools to determine the severity of an intoxication, a prerequisite for finding the optimum therapy. Amatoxins damage eukaryotic cells by inhibiting their transcriptional process. Lesions are found particularily in the parenchymal cells of the liver, even at low toxin concentrations. These cells incorporate the toxins relatively fast, but at the same time excrete them rapidly into the bile. Accordingly, in human Amanita poisoning the enterohepatic circulation must be interrupted. Although the amatoxins easily undergo ultrafiltration in the kidney, extracorporal purification methods may be indicated for reasons such as rapid clearing of the serum or shortening the time of kidney exposure to the toxins. This review will report on extracorporal purification methods, on drugs used for chemotherapy, as well as on factors capable of inducing liver regeneration. All procedures for acute Amanita poisoning, either proved or suggested, will be listed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Amatoxine finden sich im grünen und in den weißen Knollenblätterpilzen, aber auch in anderen Pilzarten. Diese Gifte sind die alleinige Ursache der tödlich verlaufenden Knollenblätterpilzvergiftung. Die charakteristische, lange Latenzzeit der Vergiftung ist einerseits ein zuverlässiges Mittel zur Diagnose, fordert aber andererseits eine sofortige Behandlung, um die Toxinkonzentration im Serum rasch zu senken und damit die Zeit abzukürzen, in der z.B. die Leberzellen den Giften ausgesetzt sind. In letzter Zeit wurden mehrere biologische Assays für Amatoxine beschrieben, deren Nachweisgrenze bei etwa 0,5 ng/ml liegt. Mithilfe solcher Assays kann die Schwere einer Knollenblätterpilzvergiftung bestimmt werden, eine wichtige Voraussetzung zur Auffindung der optimalen Therapie. Amatoxine zerstören eukaryotische Zellen durch Hemmung der Transkription von m-RNS. Betroffen sind vor allem Leberzellen, die selbst bei geringer Toxinkonzentration geschädigt werden. Leberzellen nehmen das Gift relativ schnell auf, scheiden es jedoch auch rasch wieder mit der Galle aus. Dementsprechend muß man Maßnahmen treffen, um bei der menschlichen Vergiftung den enterohepatischen Kreislauf zu unterbrechen. Obwohl Amatoxine auch durch die Niere schnell ausgeschieden werden, kann eine extrakorporale Reinigung des Blutes angezeigt sein, z.B. zur schnellen Entfernung der Gifte aus dem Kreislauf oder um die Niere nicht zu lange den Giften zu exponieren. Diese Übersicht berichtet über aktuelle Methoden zur Blutreinigung, über Chemotherapeutika zur Behandlung der Knollenblätterpilzvergiftung, sowie über den Einsatz von Faktoren zur Leberregeneration. Alle Therapiemaßnahmen, die sich entweder bewährt haben oder nach neueren Erkenntnissen empfohlen werden können, sind in einer Liste zusammengefaßt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 56 (1985), S. 190-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Toxicokinetics ; Amatoxins ; Dog ; Hemoperfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Radioactivities were measured in serum, urine, and bile of dogs at different times after intravenous injection of 14C-methyl-γ-amanitin (14C-A) and 3H-O-methyl-dehydroxy methyl-α-amanitin (3H-A). For either substance, the relation between the specific plasma activity C and the time t could be best described with the function $$C = C_1 \cdot e^{ - \lambda _1 \cdot t} + C_2 \cdot e^{ - \lambda _2 \cdot t} $$ . Therefore the linear open two-compartment system was selected as an adequate toxicokinetic model. Most important, the distribution volumes (in the steady state) were in the range of the extracellular space, and the total body clearances were in the range of the dog creatinine clearance. In accordance with former findings for 3H-A, 14C-A was not bound to plasma proteins. More than 80% of 14C-A was eliminated in the urine; less than 10% was found in the bile. From these data, two suggestions may be derived for the therapy of Amanita intoxication in man. First, detection in the urine of amatoxins 2 or 3 days after mushroom ingestion points to an ongoing amatoxin absorption or reabsorption from the intestine, and should lead to therapy with adsorbents and, in the absence of diarrhea, with laxatives. Second, hemoperfusion will remove significant amounts of amatoxins during the time of ongoing absorption or reabsorption and a few hours thereafter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 12 (1985), S. 199-209 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Reconstitution ; Amanita phalloides ; mushroom toxin ; ion channel ; lipid dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Phallolysin, a water soluble protein of M r 34,000 produced by the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides, causes lysis of various mammalian cell types. Lysis is thought to be initiated by the formation of ion permeable membrane channels. We therefore studied the interaction of phallolysin with solvent-free planar lipid bilayers. In the presence of low phallolysin concentrations (10–100 nM) single channel current fluctuations were observed. Unit channel conductances are 44 pS in 500 mM NaCl and 77 pS in 1 M NaCl. Although the channel does not significantly discriminate between alkali cations, its permeability to Cl- is lower (P K +/P Cl -=4/1). Gating kinetics display a pronounced bursting behavior and a dependence on membrane voltage, cis side pH-value, and on membrane lipid composition. An equivalence relation between membrane voltage and proton concentration was found, i.e. a pH change of one unit is equivalent to a corresponding voltage change of 130 mV. Dependence on the amount of negatively charged lipids is explained by changes of the actual pH due to surface charge effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 733 (1983), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Amanita phalloides) ; Cytolysis ; Glucose release ; Liposome ; Membrane damage ; Toxin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 860 (1986), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rat hepatocyte) ; Kinetics ; Phalloidin transport ; Transport inhibitor
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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