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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 37 (1992), S. 723-728 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: cycle periodicity ; duration and velocity of activity front ; antral phase I ; intestinal phase II activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fasting gastrointestinal motility in the human is characterized by the regular cycling activity of the migrating motor complex (MMC). Our purpose was to define the variability of the MMC within and between a group of six healthy subjects studied for 6–9 hr over six separate days with a perfused catheter system. A total of 88 phase III events was observed during 255 hr of recording in this group. The mean MMC cycling time varied significantly between subjects (range 113–230 min,P〈0.001), and variation within subjects also was wide (sd range 58–70 min). Seventy-one percent of phase III events commenced in the gastric antrum, 18% in the proximal duodenum, 10% in the distal duodenum, and 1% in the proximal jejunum. For each subject, the velocity of propagation of phase III decreased significantly (P〈0.001), and phase III duration increased significantly (P〈0.001), with increasing distance from the os. In the antrum, phase I was predominant, and significant (P〈0.006) variation between subjects was noted for percentage of MMC cycle occupied by phase I (overall mean ±sd 55±23%). Phase II was predominant in both duodenum and jejunum (mean range 70–80%), and no significant variation was noted between subjects for percentage of MMC occupied by phase II. We conclude that human MMC activity varies widely between individuals and within the same individual when studied on separate days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: 1,4-Benzoquinones ; [2.2]Paracyclophanes ; 1,4,8,11-Pentacenetetrones ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Radical anions ; ESR/ENDOR spectroscopy ; Intramolecular electron transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three types of tetrone radical anions in which two 1,4-benzoquinone units are connected by ethano (1·-, 2·-), [2.2]paracyclophane (3·-, 4·-), and anthracene bridges (5·-, 6·-) have been studied by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. The displacement of the unpaired electron over the two π moieties in the [2.2]cyclophane radical anions 1·--4·- and the marked difference between the first and second reduction potentials, ΔE = |E20 - E10| ≥ 0.20 V, are evidence for a substantial intramolecular electronic interaction between the two electrophores. Similar ΔE data for the syn- (3) and anti-naphthalenophanes (4) indicate that most of the intramolecular electronic interaction takes place through the [2.2]paracyclophane bridge. When ion pairing is inhibited by complexation of the cation, the unpaired electron in 5·- and 6·- is also delocalized over the whole pentacenetetrone system at temperatures as low as 160 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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