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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ubiquitin-positive achromatic neurons in corticobasal degeneration (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 90 (1995), S. 68-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Neuropathology ; Ballooned neurons ; Ubiquitin ; Quantitation ; Alien limb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 66-year-old woman presented with an alien limb syndrome without dementia. The course of her illness was unremitting and at autopsy 6 years later her diagnosis was confirmed as corticobasal degeneration without Alzheimer-type pathology. Although the presence of ballooned achromatic cortical neurons and cell loss from the substantia nigra distinguishes such patients, the site and density of achromatic neurons has not previously been quantified. We show that immunohistochemistry for the cell stress protein ubiquitin selectively stains these achromatic neurons, whereas they do not stain for abnormally phosphorylated tau protein. Phosphorylated neurofilament antibodies recognise both ballooned and non-ballooned neurons. In this case, high densities of ubiquitin-positive ballooned neurons were found in frontal cortical regions with the highest densities in layers V and VI of the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, high densities of ubiquitin-positive ballooned neurons were found in the insular cortex, claustrum and amygdala. These results confirm past reports of frontal pathology, but show that there is also considerable pathology in insular and parahippocampal cortical regions and some subcortical regions. Our findings suggest that the distribution and staining characteristics of ballooned neurons in corticobasal degeneration may help to differentiate these cases pathologically, while the absence of dementia appears to be an important clinical criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294461
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ubiquitin-positive achromatic neurons in corticobasal degeneration (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 90 (1995), S. 68-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuropathology ; Ballooned neurons ; Ubiquitin ; Quantitation ; Alien limb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 66-year-old woman presented with an alien limb syndrome without dementia. The course of her illness was unremitting and at autopsy 6 years later her diagnosis was confirmed as corticobasal degeneration without Alzheimer-type pathology. Although the presence of ballooned achromatic cortical neurons and cell loss from the substantia nigra distinguishes such patients, the site and density of achromatic neurons has not previously been quantified. We show that immunohistochemistry for the cell stress protein ubiquitin selectively stains these achromatic neurons, whereas they do not stain for abnormally phosphorylated tau protein. Phosphorylated neurofilament antibodies recognise both ballooned and non-ballooned neurons. In this case, high densities of ubiquitin-positive ballooned neurons were found in frontal cortical regions with the highest densities in layers V and VI of the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition, high densities of ubiquitin-positive ballooned neurons were found in the insular cortex, claustrum and amygdala. These results confirm past reports of frontal pathology, but show that there is also considerable pathology in insular and parahippocampal cortical regions and some subcortical regions. Our findings suggest that the distribution and staining characteristics of ballooned neurons in corticobasal degeneration may help to differentiate these cases pathologically, while the absence of dementia appears to be an important clinical criterion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294461
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-dependent propagation of high-energy laser beams through the atmosphere: II (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 99-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Various factors that can effect thermal blooming in stagnation zone situations are examined, including stagnation-zone motion, longitudinal air motion in the neighborhood of the stagnation zone, and the effects of scenario noncoplanarity. Of these effects, only the last offers reasonable hope of reducing the strong thermal blooming that normally accompanies stagnation zones; in particular, noncoplanarity should benefit multipulse more than cw beams. The methods of treating nonhorizontal winds hydrodynamically for cw and multipulse steady-state sources are discussed. Aspects of pulse “self-blooming” are also considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00882638
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-dependent propagation of high energy laser beams through the atmosphere (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 129-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The computation of time-dependent three-space-dimensional laser beam propagation is described. The methods are applicable to the propagation of high energy laser beams through the atmosphere in the presence of a horizontal wind and turbulence for most situations of interest. Possible cases are propagation of cw beams through stagnation zones, multi-pulse propagation, including the self-consistent treatment of pulse self-blooming, and propagation involving transonic slewing. The solution of the Maxwell wave equation in Fresnel approximation is obtained by means of a discrete Fourier transform method, which, surprisingly, gives excellent results for diffraction problems. The latter provide a stringent test for the accuracy of any solution method. Considerable use is also made of discrete Fourier transform methods in solving the hydrodynamic equations. The treatment of turbulence is based on the generation of random phase screens at each calculation step along the propagation path. In a time-dependent calculation the random phase screens can be either made to move with the wind at a given propagation position or generated anew for each successive time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00896333
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of degeneration and regeneration in the divided rat sciatic nerve based on electron microscopy (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 103-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerves ; Myelinated axons ; Regeneration ; Sciatic nerve, rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the first six days after division myelinated axons in the proximal stump of rat sciatic nerves produce collateral and terminal sprouts. These are present as circumscribed “groups” which are positively distinguishable from clusters of non-myelinated axons. Two types of “groups” are identifiable, and their distribution in some of the nerve segments is analysed. Their evolution was followed in sequential nerve segments, the initial ‘tight’ structure becoming looser between 7 and 10 days, and myelinated axons appeared in them during this time. At this stage a complete basal lamina was present surrounding the entire “group”. Some of the cells in the “groups” did not have the characteristics of Schwann cells. Between 7 and 10 days after division alveolate vesicles and densely staining material in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were prominent in Schwann cells in the distal part of the proximal stump. It is thought that both types of “group” are developed from single myelinated axons and the name “regenerating unit” is proposed for both types. Their relationship to “clusters”, seen in the distal stump of regenerating peripheral nerves, and “onion bulbs”, present in some peripheral neuropathies, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335457
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of degeneration and regeneration in the divided rat sciatic nerve based on electron microscopy (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 165-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerves ; Regeneration ; Sciatic nerve, rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between seven days and six weeks after division the internal architecture of rat sciatic nerves is altered, their original mono- or di-fascicular configuration being replaced by a collection of small fascicles each surrounded by perineurium. This change, called by us ‘compartmentation’, has a minimum retrograde extent of 3.5 mm and is brought about by changes in Schwann cells and endoneurial fibroblasts, which undergo circumferential elongation to surround groups of axons and so come to resemble perineurial cells. Ultrastructural changes occur in these cells during compartmentation. There is a marked rise in the number of endoneurial fibroblasts in the distal segments of the proximal stump. The stimulus to the development of compartmentation is considered to be disturbance of the endoneurial environment following rupture of the perineurium. Changes in the structure and appearance of endoneurial cells suggest that metaplasia occurs between Schwann cells, endoneurial fibroblasts and perineurial cells, and it is concluded that these cell types in the endoneurium have a common origin from embryonic ectoderm. This suggests that the surgical treatment of peripheral nerve injuries should be primarily directed to the reconstitution of the endoneurial environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335678
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of degeneration and regeneration in the divided rat sciatic nerve based on electron microscopy (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 103-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerves ; Myelinated axons ; Regeneration ; Sciatic nerve, rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the first six days after division myelinated axons in the proximal stump of rat sciatic nerves produce collateral and terminal sprouts. These are present as circumscribed “groups” which are positively distinguishable from clusters of non-myelinated axons. Two types of “groups” are identifiable, and their distribution in some of the nerve segments is analysed. Their evolution was followed in sequential nerve segments, the initial ‘tight’ structure becoming looser between 7 and 10 days, and myelinated axons appeared in them during this time. At this stage a complete basal lamina was present surrounding the entire “group”. Some of the cells in the “groups” did not have the characteristics of Schwann cells. Between 7 and 10 days after division alveolate vesicles and densely staining material in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were prominent in Schwann cells in the distal part of the proximal stump. It is thought that both types of “group” are developed from single myelinated axons and the name “regenerating unit” is proposed for both types. Their relationship to “clusters”, seen in the distal stump of regenerating peripheral nerves, and “onion bulbs”, present in some peripheral neuropathies, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00981944
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of degeneration and regeneration in the divided rat sciatic nerve based on electron microscopy (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 131-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerves ; Injuries ; Axons ; Sciatic nerve, rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in the proximal stump of axons of divided rat sciatic nerves in the first 6 weeks after nerve section were studied, particularly in terms of alterations in the organelle content, axoplasmic ultrastructure and the diameter of the axons. A variety of organelle types were observed; quasi-membranous structures, multivesicular bodies, dense bodies, vesicles and tubules, dense cored vesicles and alveolate vesicles: their identification and the functional implications of their presence are discussed. Alterations in the ultrastructure of the “stained” elements of the axoplasm are described. Axons containing excess organelles were divided into classes, comprising myelinated axons; and “supergiant”, “giant” and “conventional” non-myelinated axons. Temporal changes in these axons are described. The characteristics of the various classes of apparently non-myelinated axon are considered in terms of their identification as regenerating terminal sprouts of myelinated axons, segmentally demyelinated axons, sections through abnormal nodes of Ranvier or merely non-myelinated axons. The structure of axons in “regenerating units” is described. Changes in the neurofilament microtubule ratio of small axons without excess organelles are demonstrated, and “spiralling” of neurofilaments in some myelinated and non-myelinated axons with normal axoplasmic ultrastructure is illustrated and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335677
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of microglia and macrophages in the postnatal rat pituitary (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 347-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Microglia ; Macrophages ; Pituitary ; Neurohypophysis ; Adenohypophysis ; Phagocytosis ; Perivascular space ; Rat (Long Evans)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Microglia and macrophages, immunolabelled with F4/80 (which binds a 160-kDa plasmalemmal glycoprotein) and OX-42 (which labels the complement type 3 receptor, CR3), were identified in the neuro- and adenohypophyses, respectively, of postnatal rats from day 1 to adulthood. In the neurohypophysis, the numerical density (cells/mm2) of microglia increased from postnatal day 1 to day 7 but was then unchanged from the adult density. In the adenohypophysis, the numerical density of macrophages increased from postnatal day 1 to day 21. The increasing size of the pituitary meant that the total number of such cells increased rapidly in the neurohypophysis up to day 14, but was then essentially unchanged; in the adenohypophysis macrophages increased in proportion to the increasing size of the gland up to day 21. Proliferation of the mononuclear cells was analysed by the immunodetection of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into the nuclei of microglia and macrophages. F4/80-immunoreactive cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine were found on all the postnatal days studied. The proportion of such cells in the neurohypophysis was high from postnatal day 1 to day 14 and in the adenohypophysis was maximal on day 14, decreasing in both parts of the pituitary by day 21. The estimated total number of proliferating cells was maximal in both parts of the pituitary on day 14. In both parts, OX-42-immunoreactive cells were less numerous than F4/80-immunoreactive cells up to postnatal day 14; CR3 expression may therefore be associated with maturation of these cells. Neurohypophysial microglia increased in size to postnatal day 7, consistent with the assumption of a ’compact’ microglial morphology; adenohypophysial macrophages did not change in size over the postnatal period. Throughout the period studied, neurohypophysial microglia were significantly more densely distributed and larger in size than adenohypophysial macrophages. Neurohypophysial microglia phagocytose terminals of neurosecretory neurons from day 7, concurrent with the development of a distinct perivascular space. In the adenohypophysis, the perivascular space was present from birth and macrophages were not phagocytic. There are, therefore, considerable differences in the density, morphology and activity between the populations of myelomonocytic cells in the postnatal rat neuro- and adenohypophyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050704
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunophenotypic evidence for distinct populations of microglia in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 665-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microglia ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Antigen-presenting cells ; Blood-brain barrier ; Phagocytosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Long Evans)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The morphology, distribution and immunophenotype of microglia throughout the adult rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system was examined. Four macrophage-associated antibodies (OX-42, F4/80, ED1 and ED2) were used; the expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens was investigated by use of antibodies against OX-6, OX-17 (MHC class II) and OX-18 (MHC class I). Three distinct types of microglia were identified. The first was located in the magnocellular nuclei; these ‘radially branched’ (‘ramified’) microglia had round cell bodies and long branched processes, and were strongly immunoreactive only for OX-42. The second was located outside the blood-brain barrier in the median eminence, pituitary stalk and neurohypophysis often close to blood vessels; these ‘compact’ microglia had irregular cell bodies and shorter processes, and were strongly labelled by OX-42 and F4/80, weakly labelled by OX-18, and generally unlabelled by ED1, ED2, OX-6 and OX-17. The third type was found in small numbers throughout the system at the surface of the neurvous tissue or around blood vessels; these ‘perivascular’ microglia were elongated cells with no branching processes, and were strongly labelled by ED1, ED2, OX-18, OX-6, OX-17 and F4/80 antibodies but showed variable OX-42 immunoreactivity. Cells in a perivascular location were heterogeneous with respect to their immunophenotype. The presence in the normal adult rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of MHC class-II molecules (OX-6 and OX-17) on a sub-set of perivascular microglia suggests that these cells are capable of presenting antigen to T lymphocytes. The microglia, which lie on either side of the blood-brain barrier, are well placed to facilitate interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318369
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