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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Atemkalk ; Kohlenmonoxid ; Halothan ; Enfluran ; Isofluran ; Key words Soda lime ; Carbon monoxide ; Halothane ; Isoflurane ; Enflurane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In the presence of completely dry soda lime volatile anaesthetics will decompose to carbon monoxide (CO). In an in vitro study, the absorbent (soda lime, ICI) was dried with a constant gas flow of 1 l/min oxygen for 120 h. The weight loss during the drying was 17.1%. Two vol% of halothane, enflurane or isoflurane in oxygen was administered with a constant flow of 0.5 l/min oxygen through the completely dry absorbent. Concentrations of gases were measured before and after the absorbent using mass spectrometry (MGA 1100, Perkin-Elmer) and an electrochemical NO monitor (Mini PAC CO, Dräger). The temperature inside the soda lime was monitored continuously. Shortly after adding the anaesthetic to the oxygen passing through the absorbent, carbon monoxide appeared in the outlet of the soda lime container. The measured peak concentrations varied around 450 ppm (halothane), 3500 ppm (enflurane) and 3800 ppm (isoflurane).The temperature inside the absorbent rose from the ambient temperature (19.8 °C) to a maximum of 52.1 °C during CO production and decreased when the CO production lowered after approximately 1 h (all anaesthetics). During CO production no measurable concentration of halothane left the absorber. After passing through the absorbent the concentrations of isoflurane and enflurane were slightly lower than the corresponding concentrations in the fresh gas measured before absorption.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Volatile Anästhetika werden an trockenem Atemkalk teilweise zu Kohlenmonoxid umgesetzt. Im Laborexperiment wurde frischer, ungebrauchter Atemkalk mit einem konstanten Flow von 1 l/min Sauerstoff über 120 h getrocknet. Der Gewichtsverlust durch Trocknung betrug 17,1%. Halothan, Enfluran und Isofluran wurden in Konzentrationen von jeweils 2 Vol.-% in 0,5 l/min Sauerstoff durch den trockenen Atemkalk geleitet. Unmittelbar nach Einleiten der Anästhetika wurde im Atemkalk Kohlenmonoxid gebildet. Die geringsten Konzentrationen wurden unter Halothan (400 ppm) bestimmt. Bedeutend mehr CO fiel bei der Reaktion zwischen Atemkalk und Enfluran (3500 ppm) bzw. Isofluran (3800 ppm) an. Im Atemkalk kam es während der CO-Produktion zu einem Anstieg der Temperatur bis auf 52,1 °C. Während dieser Phase wurde Halothan, nicht aber Enfluran oder Isofluran, vollständig vom Atemkalk absorbiert. Inspiratorische CO-Konzentrationen von 4000 ppm können bereits nach kurzer Expositionsdauer zu einer klinisch relevanten COHb-Bildung führen. Um der Gefahr einer Carboxyhämoglobinbildung entgegenzuwirken, muß die akzidentelle Austrocknung des Atemkalks deshalb unbedingt vermieden werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 85-99 
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric magnetic ; exposure apparatus ; rodents ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Equipment designed for simultaneous exposure of rodents to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields is described. Three identical systems were constructed, each capable of continuous exposure of 256 rats or 640 mice to a nominal electric field at 〈50 kV/m, and to horizontal and vertical magnetic fields at 〈 1 mT. Design features, construction details, and results of various tests of the systems are described. Tests were made: of phase relations between electric and magnetic fields; of uniformity of electric and magnetic fields; of changes across time in electric-field intensity as a result of animals' soiling of cages and various washing routines; of resistance of bedding material during humid and dry conditions; and of acoustic noise due to background, to field-generation equipment, and to air conditioning equipment. The results demonstrated that fields were effectively generated but that significant and troublesome changes in electric-field intensity occurred because of cage-soiling. However, when cages were frequently cleaned, field intensities were consistent from one exposure to another.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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