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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (4)
  • 61.16  (1)
  • LD50 method
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning force microscopy of the crystalline/amorphous interface of ultradrawn poly(ethylene) (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.14 ; 61.16 ; 61.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on high-resolution experiments by Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM) indicating the tight folding of neighbouring molecular chains in Poly(Ethylene) (PE) crystals. Ultradrawn PE films were prepared in the stacked lamellar morphology exhibiting crystalline lamellae and amorphous parts. The [001] direction of the lamellae is aligned parallel to the substrate surface resulting in {hk0} planes perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the probing tip. This preparation technique allows the direct observation of the molecular arrangement in polymeric crystals as well as an investigation of the crystalline/amorphous interface by SFM: at lower magnification, crystalline and amorphous parts of the film can be distinguished clearly. High-resolution imaging on the crystalline lamellae reveals a PE pitch height of 0.26±0.02 nm while the interchain spacing measures 0.50±0.02 nm consistent with (100) lattice planes aligned parallel to the substrate surface. Finally, the molecular folding at the edges of the lamellae has been studied. Evidence is found for the adjacent reentry of individual molecules at the edge of (100) surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332207
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new approach to minimizing the number of animals used in acute toxicity testing and optimizing the information of test results (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 51 (1982), S. 197-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acute toxicity ; LD50 method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 170 acute toxicity determinations, carried out in rats, mice, and guinea pigs after oral and parenteral administration during the past 5 years, using 5 ♂/5 ♀ animals per dose, were evaluated with respect to the possibility of a reduction of animals necessary for obtaining LD50 values with limits of confidence. Calculations were performed on existing data; no additional animal experiments were initiated for the purpose of this paper. For the majority of substances 3 ♂/3 ♀ animals per dose would have sufficed for the determination of a LD50 value with limits of confidence. Even when using 2 ♂/2 ♀ animals per dose, in most cases sufficently acceptable LD50 values can be determined, if the period of observation — conventionally 4 weeks — would be doubled. Using this procedure, 75% of the animals could be saved. The reduced number of animals and the labor saved thereby would allow for a more individualized observation of single animals thus optimizing the evaluation of acute toxicity testing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00348853
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über Metallcarbonyle. XXXVII. Über Rhenium-halogeno-pentacarbonyle, ihre Bildungstendenz und Eigenschaften (1941)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 248 (1941), S. 243-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Im Anschluß an die Auffindung der Halogenopentacarbonyle des Rheniums Re(CO)5Halg, über die früher berichtet wurde, wird das Bildungsbestreben dieser Verbindungen genauer untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß sie bereits unter wesentlich milderen Bedingungen aus Rheniumhalogeniden entstehen, und zwar nimmt die Bildungstendenz in der Reihe Chlorid → Bromid → Jodid zu. Letzteres erhält man bereits im Kohlenoxydstrom bei gewöhnlichem Druck aus ReJ6K2, für Bromid und Chlorid, aus Komplexen oder normalen Rheniumhalogeniden, empfiehlt sich die Anwendung eines geringen Überdrucks von 10 bzw. 30 at Kohlenoxyd. Insgesamt ist für die Entstehung der Halogenopentacarbonyle weniger die Höhe des CO-Drucks als die Temperatur (200-230°) maßgebend.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19412480303
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über Metallcarbonyle. XXXVIII. Über Rheniumpentacarbonyl (1941)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 248 (1941), S. 256-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nachdem die Bemühungen, durch Hochdrucksynthese aus metallischem Rhenium oder durch weitere Reaktionen der Halogenopentacarbonyle reines Rheniumcarbonyl zu erhalten, unter verschiedensten Bedingungen erfolglos blieben, wurde gefunden, daß oxydische Rheniumverbindungen, insbesondere Re2O7 oder auch ReO4K u. a. unter höherem CO-Druck und bei höherer Temperatur direkt halogenfreies, reines Rheniumcarbonyl liefern. Über den Reaktionsmechanismus der einfach zu formulierenden Umsetzungen werden verschiedene Vorstellungen entwickelt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19412480304
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über Metallcarbonyle. XXXIX. Aminsubstituierte Rheniumcarbonyle (1941)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 248 (1941), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Kohlenoxydverbindungen des Rheniums, die Halogenopentacarbonyle wie das reine dimere Pentacarbonyl, erweisen sich der CO-Substitution durch Pyridin oder o-Phenanthrolin zugänglich, wie dies schon früher bei den Metallen der Eisen- und Chromgruppe aufgedeckt wurde. Die aminsubstituierten Rheniumcarbonyle enthalten sämtlich noch wenigstens 3 Mol CO pro Rheniumatom, d.h.es werden stets nur 2Mol CO durch 2Mol Pyridin oder 1 Mol o-Phenanthrolin ersetzt: ReHal(CO)3Pyr2 nnd ReHal(CO)3 Phthrl sowie Re(CO)3Pyr2 und Re(CO)3, Phthrl2; letztere sind eventuell dimer wie das Rheniumpentacarbonyl. Die aminsubstituierten Rheniumcarbonyle erinnern bezüglich ihrer Entstehungsweise, ihres Baus und ihrer großen Beständigkeit durchaus an die aminsubstituierten Carbonyle der Chromgruppe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19412480305
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Darstellung des Natriumbromits und bromitfreier HypobromitlösungenVorbericht: Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 363, 321. (1968) (1970)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 372 (1970), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sodium bromite may be prepared by dismutation of hypobromite solution produced by the addition of bromine to concentrated caustic soda at 0 °C, the hypobromite being destroyed after the maximum bromite concentration has been reached. Using bromine water or bromine vapour diluted by nitrogen at low temperatures, it is possible to prepare bromite-free hypobromite solutions.
    Notes: Eine aus Brom und Natronlauge hergestellte Natriumhypobromitlösung wird zur Darstellung des Natriumbromits durch Disproportionierung benutzt. Das im Maximum der Bromitkonzentration vorhandene Hypobromit muß zerstört werden.Mit Bromwasser oder stickstoffverdünnten Bromdämpfen kann bei niedrigen Temperaturen eine bromitfreie Hypobromitlösung hergestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19703720204
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