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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (15)
  • Thiodiglycolic acid  (5)
  • 72.40  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.40 ; 73 ; 85 ; 60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electrical properties ofn +-window layers inp-i-n a-Si:H solar cells were characterised as a function ofn +-layer thickness, $$d_{n^ + } $$ , by measuring firstly the activation energyE a of the dark conductivity and secondly the built-in potentialV bi of the cells.E a was found to increase with decreasing $$d_{n^ + } $$ attaining values as high as 0.8 eV for $$d_{n^ + } $$ ≅5nm; bulk values, e.g.E a ≅. 2eV in the amorphous andE a〈0.01 eV in the microcrystalline case, were only observed for $$d_{n^ + } $$ 〉20nm and for $$d_{n^ + } $$ 〉200nm, respectively. In contrast,V bi did not depend on $$d_{n^ + } $$ at all and was further found to be consistent with expectations based on the Fermi level positions in bulkn + andp +-material. As a consequenceE a in very thin films can no longer be considered as a measure of (E C −E F), the distance of the Fermi level from the conduction band edge. The apparent inconsistency inherent to theE a and theV bi results can be resolved by assuming that the deposition of then +-material proceeds via the growth and coalescence of small islands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.40 ; 73.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Excess charge carrier kinetics in moderately doped pSi wafers were investigated with a contactless transient photoconductivity method, i.e. the time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) method. The surface structure of the wafers was changed by etching and polishing, the volume structure by irradiation with high-energy electrons. Comparison of the photoconductivity decay after excitation by strongly absorbed light and by weakly absorbed light was used to distinguish between surface and volume decay processes. The experimental results deviate from predictions based on a linear surface decay rate. These results are discussed and suggestions are made for the use of transient photoconductivity measurements to characterize semiconductor wafers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 72.40 ; 73.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the optimization of growth conditions for a-Si1-x Ge x :H alloys. It is shown that H-dilution of source gases selectively improves the band transport of electrons without significantly affecting the recombination center density or the band transport of holes. It is further shown that the beneficial effects of H-dilution are most pronounced in alloys with comparable densities of Si and Ge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 112 (1986), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: 2,2′-Dichlorodiethylether ; Chloroacetaldehyde ; Thiodiglycolic acid ; Hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid ; Vinyl chloride ; 2-Chloroethanol ; 2-Chloroacetaldehyde diethyl acetal ; Carcinogenicity ; Mutagenicity ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Either 40 μmole or 160 μmole 2,2′-DDE was injected into male Wistar rats and the metabolites, TdGA and HEMA, were determined in the 24-h urine specimens. Comparative investigations were carried out giving equimolar amounts of chloroethanol and 2-chloroacetaldehyde diethyl acetal. In a further step, inhalation experiments were performed to determine urinary excretion of the two metabolites after an 8-h exposure of male Wistar rats to 10, 50, 100, and 500 ppm 2,2′-DDE and to 50, 200, und 1000 ppm vinyl chloride. A long-term study was conducted to investigate the possible carcinogenicity of 2,2′-DDE in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats following s.c. injections of 4.36 μmole and 13.1 μmole 2,2′-DDE in DMSO per week. The evaluation of tumor development in treated groups and controls were based on macroscopic inspection and histological examinations of the suspect organs and tissues. Analysis of the metabolites showed that HEMA excretion was much lower than the excretion of TdGA following the uptake of 2,2′-DDE, 2-chloroethanol and 2-chloroacetaldehyde diethyl acetal. Contrary to these, vinyl chloride uptake resulted in a higher urinary excretion of HEMA than TdGA. There was no appreciable increase in the number of tumors detected in 2,2′-DDE-treated animals when compared with untreated or DMSO-treated groups. Since irradiation of 2,2′-DDE with UV did not elevate mutagenic activity of the compound against Salmonella typhimurium TA100, the high mutagenicity of the compound found in a desiccator cannot be due to the liberation of mutagenic compounds produced under the influence of UV light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 114 (1988), S. 158-162 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane ; Chloroacetaldehyde ; Thiodiglycolic acid ; Hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid ; Carcinogenicity ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (50 animals/group per sex) were treated with either 15.37 or 46.77 μmole of 1,1,2-TCE in DMSO/rat for 2 years. The animals were treated once a week by s.c. injection of test compound in the skin of neck. Two groups of controls received either DMSO or no treatment at all. The incidence of benign mesenchymal and epithelial tumors was not significant when compared with either DMSO-treated or untreated controls. The animals treated with 46.77 μmole 1,1,2-TCE significantly developed sarcomas when compared with the untreated controls. In a further experiment, either 40 μmole or 160 μmole 1,1,2-TCE was injected into male Wistar rats and the metabolites, TdGA and HEMA, were determined in 24-h urine samples. Comparative studies were carried out giving equimolar amounts of chloroethanol and 2-chloroacetaldehyde diethyl acetal. Analysis of the metabolites showed that no detectable HEMA was excreted in urine after treatment of rats with 1,1,2-TCE or chloroethanol. TdGA was excreted in urine much more among chloroacetaldehyde-treated animals than among 1,1,2-TCE- or chloroethanol-treated rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 44 (1979), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Thiodiglycolic acid ; Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) ; Biological monitoring of VCM ; GC-MS analysis of urinary thiodiglycolic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A GC-MS method is described for the determination of thiodiglycolic acid in 1 ml-samples of urine. The variation coefficient for a series of four determinations was 2.7%. To investigate the variation between values determined on different days, four samples were analysed over periods of 4–8 days. The mean variation coefficient of this series was 6.4 ± 1.3%. From 34 different human urine specimen from males aged between 20 and 55 years, an average level of 0.64 ± 0.32μg/ml was determined. From 14 females aged between 19 and 42 years, the corresponding values were 0.51 ± 0.20μg/ml.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 41 (1978), S. 199-205 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Vinyl chloride ; Thiodiglycolic acid ; vinyl chloride metabolism in man ; Vinyl chloride urine metabolites ; Biological exposure control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A strong correlation was found between vinyl chloride concentrations at working places and the increased excretion of thiodiglycolic acid of 18 exposed workers. The mean air concentration of vinyl chloride was calculated referring to personal exposure. The values obtained were in the range of 0,14–7,0 ppm. The excretion of thiodiglycolic acid — measured by GC-MS analysis — amounted to 0,3 – 4,0 mg/L. It could be demonstrated that significant increases of the metabolite excretion occur even at VC-concentrations below 5 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 464-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylonitrile ; S-Carboxymethyl cysteine ; S-Hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid ; S-Cyanoethyl mercapturic acid ; Thiodiglycolic acid ; Biological monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative analysis of the dose-dependent urinary excretion of acrylonitrile and its metabolites was carried out in male Wistar rats following inhalation exposure of the animals to 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 ppm acrylonitrile for 8 h. Quantitative analysis of acrylonitrile in urine was performed by gas chromatography. The urinary metabolites cyanoethyl mercapturic acid, S-carboxymethyl cysteine and hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid were measured by a modified amino acid analysis, and thiodiglycolic acid by GC-MS. The excretion pattern of the compound and its metabolites was dependent on the exposure level; it is concluded that urinary determination of the unmetabolized acrylonitrile and two of its metabolites, cyanoethyl mercapturic acid and thioglycolic acid, may be useful for biological monitoring of industrial exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The radiotracer technique as a means to investigate the corrosion of zirconium, tantalum, and a Ta-40Nb alloy in fluoride containing azeotropic nitric acidZirconium and tantalum as well as the tantalum 40% niobium alloy are of considerable technical importance due to their high corrosion resistance against numerous corrosive media. With respect to corrosion testing in analytically pure azeotropic nitric acid in the temperature range between 20 and 121°C, corrosion rates were determined for zirconium: 7 · 10-6 to 5 · 10-4 mm/y, for tantalum: 10-8 to 4 · 10-6 mm/y, and for the Ta-40Nb alloy: 2 · 10-7 to 8 · 10-6 mm/y [1]. These corrosion rates will be markedly increased by adding small amounts of fluorides or by fluoride impurities.The radiotracer method after neutron activation was applied to determine the corrosion rates in azeotropic fluoride containing nitric acid. Even minute additions of fluorides strongly affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium. In the range between 0.15 and 10 ppm F- and at a temperature of 108°C, corrosion rates between 5.3 · 10-3 and 3.1 mm/y were measured. It was impossible to establish a limit for the fluoride concentration, below which the corrosion rate of zirconium will not be adversely influenced.The corrosion rates of tantalum and the Ta-40Nb alloy are considerably increasing above a fluoride concentration of 10 ppm. The highest corrosion rates measured were between 8.4 · 10-3 mm/y at 50°C/280 ppm F- and 1.4 · 10-2 mm/y at 110°C/320 ppm F-. Within the range of this investigation, the corrosion resistance of tantalum was higher than that of the Ta-40Nb alloy by one order of magnitude.The corrosion resistance of zirconium and tantalum was not influenced by any treatment of the samples before testing.
    Notes: Wegen ihrer hohen Korrosionsbeständigkeit gegenüber zahlreichen Angriffsmitteln sind Zirconium und Tantal sowie die Legierung Tantal-40Niob von großer technischer Bedeutung. Die bisher in azeotroper Salpetersäure p.a. zwischen 20 und 121°C gemessenen Abtragungsraten liegen für Zirconium zwischen 7 · 10-6 und 5 · 10-4 mm/a, für Tantal zwischen 10-8 und 4 · 10-6 mm/a und für die Legierung Ta-40Nb zwischen 2 · 10-7 und 8 · 10-6 mm/a [1]. Diese Abtragungsraten werden durch geringe Fluoridzustände oder -verunreinigungen wesentlich erhöht.Mit der Radiotracermethode nach Neutronenaktivierung wurden die Abtragungsraten in azeotroper, fluoridhaltiger Salpetersäure bestimmt. Zirconium ist schon gegen kleinste Fluoridspuren sehr empfindlich. Im untersuchten Bereich von 0.15 bis 10 ppm F- liegen bei 108°C die Abtragungsraten zwischen 5.3 · 10-3 und 3.1 mm/a. Eine Grenzkonzentration, unterhalb der das Fluorid die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit nicht mehr beeinflußt, kann für Zirconium nicht angegeben werden.Bei Tantal und der Legierung Ta-40Nb nimmt oberhalb einer Grenzkonzentration von 10 ppm F- die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit stark zu. Die höchsten Abtragungsraten liegen zwischen 8.4 · 10-3 mm/a bei 50°C/280 ppm F- und 1.4 · 10-2 mm/a bei 110°C/320 ppm F-. Dabei ist Tantal über den gesamten erfaßten Bereich um etwa das Zehnfache beständiger als die Legierung Ta-40Nb.Sowohl bei Tantal als auch bei Zirconium stellt sich die Abtragungsrate unabhängig von Vorbehandlungen ein.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The application of radiotracer technique for the determination of small corrosion rates of tantalum, a tantalum-niobium-alloy and zirconium in azeotropic nitric acidThe radiotracer technique following neutron activation is a suitable means to measure hitherto hardly detectable, very low corrosion rates. In azeotropic nitric acid, tantalum and the tantalum-40niobium alloy show at 20 to 120°C approximately the same corrosion rates between 0.2 · 10-6 and 8 · 10-6 mm/a; the apparent activation energies are 30 to 40 kJ/mol.In the temperature region from 20 up to 81°C the corrosion rates of zirconium are between 7 · 10-6 and 5 · 10-4 mm/a; the apparent activation energy is 47 kJ/mol.In the case of zirconium, check measurements (analysis of the corrosive medium with AAS and ICP) with non-activated sheet-metal sections resulted in similar corrosion rates.
    Notes: Die Radiotracer-Methode nach Neutronenaktivierung ist geeignet, bisher kaum erfaßbare, sehr geringe Abtragungsraten zu bestimmen. Tantal und die Tantal-40Niob-Lergierung zeigen in azeotroper Salpetersäure bei 22 bis 120°C annähernd gleiche Abtragungsraten von 0,2 · 10-6 bis 8 · 10-6 mm/a; die scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergien betragen 30 bis 40 kJ/mol.Die Abtragungsraten von Zirconium liegen im Temperaturbereich von 20 bis 81°C zwischen 7 · 10-6 und 5 · 10-4 mm/a; die scheinbare Aktivierungsenergie ergibt sich zu 47 kJ/mol.Im Falle des Zirconiums führten Kontrollmessungen (Analyse des Angriffsmittels mit AAS und ICP) an nicht aktivierten Blechabschnitten zu vergleichbaren Abtragungsraten.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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