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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symptomatic fracture incidence in elderly men and women: The Dubbo osteoporosis epidemiology study (DOES) (1994)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 4 (1994), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Elderly ; Epidemiology ; Fracture ; Incidence ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This longitudinal population-based study documents the incidence of all symptomatic fractures from 1989 to 1992 in an elderly, predominantly Caucasian population of males and females (⩾60 years as at 1 January 1989) living in the geographically isolated region of the city of Dubbo, NSW, Australia. Fractures were ascertained by reviewing reports from all radiology services in the region. There were 306 fractures in 271 patients during the study period representing 11 401 person-years of observation. In the 60–80 year age group only 10% of fractures involved the hip, while in the over-80 age group this proportion rose to 41%. Incidence of distal forearm, hip and total fractures increased exponentially in both sexes with increasing age. Rib fractures were relatively common, with incidence rates for rib fractures similar to those for humeral fractures. Overall fracture incidence was 2685 per 100000 person-years (males 1940 per 100000 and females 3250 per 100000). Residual lifetime fracture risk in a person aged 60 years with average life expectancy was 29% for males and 56% for females. Symptomatic fracture rates with the improved methodology in this study were higher than previously reported in both elderly males and females, with a marked preponderance of non-hip fractures in the 60–80 year age group. These symptomatic fractures have previously been underestimated, if not largely ignored, in public health approaches including cost—benefit analyses of osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Total fracture risk during later life is substantial, with fractures other than hip fractures constituting the majority of morbid fracture events, especially in the 60–80 year age group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623352
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct clinical and welfare costs of osteoporotic fractures in elderly men and women (1995)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 5 (1995), S. 427-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Direct costs ; Epidemiology ; Fractures ; Health economics ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Osteoporosis is an increasing health care problem in all aging populations, but overall direct costs associated with the total fracture burden of osteoporosis remain uncertain. We have examined direct costs associated with 151 osteoporotic fractures occurring between 1989 and 1992 in a large cohort of elderly men and women followed prospectively as part of the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. The median cost of hospital treated fractures was $A10 511 per fracture and for fractures treated on an outpatient basis $A455 in 1992 Australian dollars. Femoral neck fractures were the most expensive fractures ($15984 median cost). There was no significant difference in costs between men and women for either hospital- or outpatient-treated fractures. Rehabilitation hospital costs comprised the largest proportion of costs (49%) for hospital-treated fractures. Community services comprised the major cost (40%) of outpatient-treated fractures. Univariate predictors of costs were quadriceps strength and bone density, although multivariate analysis showed quadriceps strength to be the best overall predictor of costs. The predicted annual treatment costs in Australia for atraumatic fractures occurring in subjects ⩾60 years was $A779 million or approximately $A44 million per million of population per annum. Estimated total osteoporotic fracture-related costs for the Australian population were much higher than previously reported. The majority of direct costs (95%) were incurred by hospitalized patients and related to hospital and rehabilitation costs. Extrapolation of these data suggests that the direct costs for hip fracture alone will increase approximately twofold in most Western countries by 2025. Improving the cost-effectiveness of treating osteoporotic fractures should involve reduced hospitalization and/or greater efficiency in community rehabilitation services. The costs of various approaches to osteoporosis prevention must be placed into the context of these direct costs and prevention should target men as well as women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01626603
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depth profiling of copper thin films by resonant laser ablation (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.65 ; 07.75 ; 81.60 ; 82.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In Resonant Laser Ablation (RLA), material is related and selectively ionized by a low-energy pulse from a tunable laser. The selectivity and efficiency allow detection and quantitation at very low concentrations. We demonstrate that RLA has potential use in profiling thin layer and multilayer structures. Quantitative results are reported on the analysis of 20 and 100 Å copper thin films on Si(110) surfaces. Removal rates range from 10−3 to 10−2 Å/shot. Prospects for interrogation of dopants and impurities are also evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538394
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serologic evidence for human ehrlichiosis in Africa (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 695-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Africa ; Epidemiology ; Ehrlichia chaffeensis ; Human ehrlichiosis ; Seroprevalence ; Western immmunoblot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Human ehrlichiosis is a recently recognized rickettsial disease. It is caused byEhrlichia chaffeensis, an intraleucocytic Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium, grouped within the genusEhrlichiae. Most human cases of ehrlichiosis have been diagnosed in the USA. Two cases have been reported outside of the USA, one in Europe and one in Africa. From 1 January to 30 June 1992, 765 sera from blood donors or other asymptomatic subjects in 8 African countries, including Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Mali, Central African Republic, Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Commores Islands, were tested by indirect immunofluorescence for the presence ofE. chaffeensis antibodies. Positive sera were confirmed by Western immunoblotting. Only two of 765 sera tested were positive. One serum obtained from Burkina Faso had an IgG titer of 1:200 and one from Mozambique had an IgG titer of 1:80. Human ehrlichiosis seems to occur infrequently in Africa, although many more sera from additional African countries need to be evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719283
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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