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  • ATPase function  (1)
  • Brain injury  (1)
  • brain edema  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain injury ; intensive care ; secondary insults ; clinical trials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Guidelines for the management of severe head injury in adults as evolved by the European Brain Injury Consortium are presented and discussed. The importance of preventing and treating secondary insults is emphasized and the principles on which treatment is based are reviewed. Guidelines presented are of a pragmatic nature, based on consensus and expert opinion, covering the treatment from accident site to intensive care unit. Specific aspects pertaining to the conduct of clinical trials in head injury are highlighted. The adopted approach is further discussed in relation to other approaches to the development of guidelines, such as evidence based analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Na+−K+-ATPase ; freezing lesion ; brain edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the kinetic parameters of Na+−K+-ATPase in glial, neuronal, and synaptosomal enriched fractions isolated from rabbit cerebral cortex. Under normal conditions, kinetic parameters-Vmax and K 0.5 K+ -of Na+−K+-ATPase are the same in the three fractions, suggesting that this enzyme behaves as the same molecular entity. Following a cryogenic lesion, the alterations of these parameters appear to be different in the different fractions. These data suggest that the same enzyme exhibits various responses when exposed to the same pathological event. The dissimilar lipid composition of the Na+−K+-ATPase environment, and/or different adaptative responses to abnormal ion concentrations in glial, neuronal, and synaptosomal fractions could account for these different responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 10 (1989), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Membrane damage ; acute brain trauma ; ATPase function ; cryogenic injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Fra le alterazioni biochimiche che si verificano nella fase acuta degli insulti cerebrali, una delle più importanti è la distruzione dei fosfolipidi di membrana. Nell'insulto di tipo criogeno, che è considerato un modello animale di lesione contusiva cerebrale nella traumatologia umana, il primo attacco delle membrane potrebbe consistere in um danno perossidativo determinato dai composti ferrosi del sangue. Ciò determinerebbe una attivazione della fosfolipasi A2. Come conseguenza della distruzione dei fosfolipidi si verifica un grave danno di numerosi enzimi impegnati in produzione di energia all'interno dei mitocondri. Pur tuttavia il livello dell'ATP disponibile all'interno della cellula rimane normale e persino più elevato del normale. Questo dato paradossale sembra suggerire che l'utilizzazione energetica è persino più ridotta della produzione di energia. Difatti l'attività delle Na+−K+ ATPasi che normalmente utilizzano circa il 70% del totale dell'energia cellulare è notevolmente ridotta. Noi pensiamo che l'interessamento delle NA+−K+ ATPasi è direttamente responsabile della ritenzione di NA+ intracellulare associato all'acqua regolata in modo osmotico, anche se altri disturbi biochimici, tra i quali l'acidosi tissulare e la liberazione di aminoacidi stimolanti, potrebbero contribuire alla medesima conseguenza. Per ultimo una caratteristica di questi eventi biochimici è l'attivazione precoce di questi enzimi necessari per la resintesi fosfolipica. Questo sta a significare che i processi riparativi sono in atto immediatamente dopo l'insulto permettendo la ripresa funzionale della NA+−K+ ATPase, la risoluzione dell'edema e la riattivazione degli scambi cationici essenziali per l'attività cerebrale.
    Notes: Abstract Among a number of biochemical disturbances occurring in the acute phase of brain insults, the destruction of membrane phospholipids and its consequences on the function of membrane-bound proteins is likely to be one of the most important. In the cryogenic type of injury which is classically considered as a relevant animal model of brain contusive lesions in human traumatology, the initial attack of membranes could consist in a peroxidative damage triggered by blood ferrous compounds. This in turn would lead to an activation of phospholipase A2. As a consequence of phospholipid disruption a number of enzymes involved in energy production within the mitochondria are severely impaired. Nevertheless, the level of available ATP within the cell remains normal and even higher than normal. This paradoxical finding suggests that energy utilization is even more lowered than energy production. In fact, the Na+−K+-ATPase activity which normally utilizes approximately 70% of the total amount of cellular energy is severely reduced. We assume that Na+−K+-ATPase impairment is directly responsible for the retention of intracellular Na+ accompanied by osmotically driven water, though admittedly other biochemical disturbances, including tissue acidosis and liberation of excitatory amino-acids, would contribute to the same result [2, 9, 16]. Lastly, a striking feature of these biochemical events is the early activation of those enzymes necessary for phospholipid resynthesis. This should mean that repair processes are at work immediately after the insult allowing resumption of Na+−K+-ATPase function, clearing up of brain edema and restoration of cation exchanges essential for brain work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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