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  • Gut microbe  (4)
  • Acetogenic bacteria  (1)
  • Halophilic Archaea  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haloferax sp. D1227, a halophilic Archaeon capable of growth on aromatic compounds (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 161 (1994), S. 445-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Halophilic Archaea ; Haloferax ; Aromaticring mineralization ; Benzoate ; Cinnamate ; Phenylpropanoate ; Oil brine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pink-pigmented halophilic Archaeon, Strain D1227, was isolated from soil contaminated with oil brine and shown to be a member of the genus Haloferax, based on: (1) its hybridization with a 16S rRNA probe universal for the Archaea; (2) its resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics that affect Bacteria; (3) its requirement for at least 0.86 M NaCl and 25 mM Mg2+ for growth; (4) its possession of C50-carotenoids characteristic of the halophilic Arachaea; (5) the thin layer chromatographic pattern of its polar lipids, which was identical to that of other species of Haloferax; and (6) its pleomorphic cell morphology. However, in contrast to the known species of Archaea, Haloferax strain D1227 was able to use aromatic substrates (e.g., benzoate, cinnamate, and phenylpropanoate) as sole carbon and energy sources for growth. Physiologically similar organisms, such as Haloferax volcanii, Haloferax mediterrani, Haloarcula vallismortis, and Haloarcula hispanica, could not grow on these aromatic substrates. When grown on 14C-benzoate, strain D1227 mineralized 70% of the substrate and assimilated 19% of the 14C-label into cell biomass. In addition to growth on aromatic substrates, D1227 was also capable of growth on a variety of carbohydrates and organic acids. Optimum growth of strain D1227 occurred at 45°C in media containing 1.7–2.6 M NaCl and 100 mM Mg2+. Under optimum growth conditions, the cell shape varied from that of an oblate spheroid on mineral salts medium alone, to discshaped, irregular or triangular cells on the same medium amended with yeast extract and tryptone. To our knowledge, this is the first unequivocal demonstration of the ability of an Archacon to grow by mineralization of aromatic substrates, and it adds a new dimension to our appreciation of the physiological diversity of this group of prokaryotes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307764
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sporomusa termitida sp. nov., an H2/CO2-utilizing acetogen isolated from termites (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 282-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sporomusa termitida ; Termite ; Nasutitermes nigriceps ; Gut microbe ; Hydrogen ; Acetogenic anaerobe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract H2-oxidizing CO2-reducing acetogenic bacteria were isolated from gut contents of Nasutitermes nigriceps termites. Isolates were strictly anaerobic, Gram negative, endospore-forming, straight to slightly curved rods (0.5–0.8×2–8 μm) that were motile by means of lateral flagella. Cells were oxidase negative, but catalase positive and possessed a b-type cytochrome(s) associated with the cell membrane. Cells grew anaerobically with H2+CO2 as energy source and catalyzed a total synthesis of acetate from this gas mixture. H2 uptake by a representative isolate (strain JSN-2) displayed a K m=6 μM and V max=380 nmol x min-1 x mg protein-1. Other substrates used as energy sources for growth and acetogenesis included CO, methanol, betaine, trimethoxybenzoate, and various other organic acids. Succinate was also fermented, but propionate was formed from this substrate instead of acetate. Of a variety of sugars and sugar alcohols tested, only mannitol supported growth. Cells grew optimally at 30° C and pH 7.2 and required yeast extract or a source of amino acids (e.g. Casamino acids) for good growth. During initial enrichment and isolation, cells appeared sensitive to various reducing agents commonly employed in media for anaerobes. The DNA base composition of strain JSN-2 was 48.6 mol% G+C. On the bases of cell morphology, substrate utilization spectrum, and DNA base composition, strain JSN-2 is here-with proposed as the type strain of the new species Sporomusa termitida.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407793
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixotrophy in the termite gut acetogen, Sporomusa termitida (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 156 (1991), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mixotrophy ; Termite ; Gut microbe ; Acetogenic anaerobe ; Hydrogen ; Sporomusa termitida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell suspensions of H2/CO2-grown Sporomusa termitida catalyzed an H2-supported synthesis of acetate from CO2 at rates of about 1 μmol acetate x h-1 x mg protein-1. Cells pre-grown on methanol, mannitol, lactate, or glycine also displayed H2-supported acetogenesis from CO2, although at rates 5–85% that of H2/CO2-grown cells. With methanol-grown cell suspensions: the presence of methanol greatly stimulated the rate of H2-supported conversion of 14CO2 to 14C-acetate (which became labeled mainly in the COOH-group); and like-wise the presence of H2 stimulated the conversion of 14CH3OH+CO2 to 14C-acetate (which became labeled mainlyan the CH3-group). Analogous stimulatory effects were observed for cell suspensions pre-grown on methanol + CO2+H2. Furthermore, when H2 (+CO2) was included as a growth substrate with either methanol or lactate: both substrates were used simultaneously; there was no diauxie in the growth of cells or in acetate production; and the molar growth yield of S. termitida was close to that predicted from summation of the yields observed when grown with each substrate alone. These data indicated that S. termitida can grow by mixotrophy, i.e. by the simultaneous use of H2/CO2 and organic compounds for energy. Results are discussed in light of the ability of H2/CO2 acetogens to outprocess methanogens in H2 consumption in the hindgut fermentation of wood-feeding termites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290981
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetonema longum gen.nov.sp.nov., an H2/CO2 acetogenic bacterium from the termite, Pterotermes occidentis (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 156 (1991), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetonema longum ; Termite ; Pterotermes occidentis ; Gut microbe ; Hydrogen ; Acetogenic anaerobe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A previously undescribed, H2-oxidizing CO2-reducing acetogenic bacterium was isolated from gut contents of the wood-feeding termite, Pterotermes occidentis. Cells of representative strain APO-1 were strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, endospore-forming motile rods which measured 0.30–0.40×6–60 μm. Cells were catalase positive, oxidase negative, and had 51.5 mol percent G+C in their DNA. Optimum conditions for growth on H2+CO2 were at 30–33°C and pH (initial) 7.8, and under these conditions cells formed acetate according to the equation: 4 H2+2 CO2→CH3COOH+2 H2O. Other energy sources supporting good growth of strain APO-1 included glucose, ribose, and various organic acids. Acetate and butyrate were major fermentation products from most organic compounds tested, however propionate, succinate, and 1,2-propanediol were also formed from some substrates. Based on comparative analysis of 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences, strain APO-1 was related to, but distinct from, members of the genus Sporomusa. Moreover, physiological and morphological differences between strain APO-1 and the six known species of Sporomusa were significant. Consequently, it is proposed herewith that a new genus, Acetonema, be established with strain APO-1 as the type strain of the new species, Acetonema longum. A. longum may contribute to the nutrition of P. occidentis by forming acetate, propionate and butyrate, compounds which are important carbon and energy sources for termites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290979
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clostridium mayombei sp. nov., an H2/CO2 acetogenic bacterium from the gut of the African soil-feeding termite, Cubitermes speciosus (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 156 (1991), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Clostridium mayombei ; Soil-feeding termites ; Cubitermes speciosus ; Gut microbe ; Hydrogen ; Acetogenic bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clostridium mayombei sp. nov., a previously undescribed H2-oxidizing CO2-reducing acetogenic bacterium, was isolated from gut contents of the African soilfeeding termite, Cubitermes speciosus. Cells were anaerobic, Gram positive, catalase and oxidase negative, endospore-forming motile rods which measured 1×2 – 6 μm and which had a DNA base composition of 25.6 mol% G+C (strain SFC-5). Optimum conditions for growth on H2+CO2 were at 33°C and pH 7.3, and under these conditions cells produced acetate according to the equation: 4 H2+2 CO2→CH3COOH+2 H2O. Other substrates supporting good growth included carbohydrates (e.g. glucose, xylose, starch), sugar alcohols, and organic and amino acids, and with these substrates acetate was almost always the principle fermentation product. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences confirmed that C. mayombei was closely related to various members of the genus Clostridium. However, morphological and physiological differences between C. mayombei and other homoacetogenic clostridia were deemed significant enough to warrant creation of a new taxon. Results are discussed in light of the diversity of H2/CO2 acetogens recently isolated from various termites, and in terms of the relative importance of H2/CO2 acetogenesis to termite nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290980
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